Null Pointers
A Null pointer is a pointer that points definitivly nowhere. it does not yield the address of any object or function.
malloc for instance returns a null pointer when it fails.
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passing by reference (function parameter passing) [C++]
To use the address of a variable as a reference to some sort of data contained in the variable to send to some algorithmic function which can use the variable's data to perform some sort of action or solve a problem.
Demonstration of the indicated keyword.
The code block below demonstrates the concept defined above.
1 #include <stdio.h> 2 #include <stdlib.h> 3 4 int Sum(int, int); 5 6 int main() 7 { 8 int a; 9 int b; 10 int S; 11 12 printf("please enter two values you would like to add together.\n"); 13 14 scanf("%d", &a); 15 scanf("%d", &b); 16 17 Sum(a, b); 18 19 printf("\nThe sum of a and b is %d.\n", Sum(a, b)); 20 return 0; 21 } 22 23 int Sum(int a, int b) 24 { 25 26 int S; 27 28 S = a + b; 29 return (S); 30 }