A logical operation that compares 2 operands and returns a 1 if both are the same or a 0 if they are not. In the case of binary numbers, the operations compares the 2 numbers digit by digit. For example, 0=0 would return 1, 1=1 would return 1, but 1=0 would return 0. In the case of 2 strings of numbers, like 111000 and 000000 the operator would return 000111 since the first through third digits match, but digits 4 through 6 are different.

Bitwise inclusive OR operator compared the bits of two operands and returns a value of “1” if the bit from either of the operands is a “1.” For example, comparing 1100110 and 0101010 would return 1101110. Looking at bother operands bit by bit and comparing them, any location that has at least one “1” will return a 1. This operator will also return a “1” if both operands contains a “1” at the same bit.

Similar to the bitwise inclusive OR operator, the bitwise exclusive OR operator will also compare the individual values of 2 operands bit-by-bit to compare the. However, unlike the inclusive variety, the exclusive OR will only return a 1 is ONE OF THE TWO BITS CONTAINS 1. For example, comparing 10101 and 11111 would return 01010.

If statements can be used to run a program by presenting the computer with a choice (or decision), as long as the “condition” the “if” is referring to is “true.” For example, if you used the statement: if (score⇐50), then the computer will run the code that follows it in the “box” if the data it is connected to does possess a “score” of below or equal to 50. If the “score” is higher than 50, the program will respond with an error. If this erroneous function is followed by another if statement, say “if (!score⇐50) the computer will present the data should the initial statement be “false.”

Another way to have the data presented, should there be an error, is to use “else.” If the statement doesn't match or agree with what the computer thinks of as “true,” the “else statement will allow the data to be presented as long as another statement is written. For example, if the statement of “if (condition) doesn't compute, adding a box after the first box starting with the command “else” followed by a different (condition), the computer will present the data referred to by the “else” command after skipping the “false” “if” statement.

Note: The more “if” statements you make in a program, the longer it will take for the computer to run the instructions, so it is best to have “else” statements ready, as the computer will merely skip any “false” “if” or “else” statements until it comes upon a “true” statement in the worst-case scenario, and ignore them should the first “if” statement be true.