Today, I worked on the first project and got a good amount done. I am still not sure how to calculate the data types' ranges or amount of unique values available. I know these values but I am not sure how the calculations are taking place based on the examples given.

Today, I finished my first project covering data types. I had to do a bit of researching to learn about data types and their specific values. I did learn a few things about the limits header, as covered in my project. I had trouble figuring out how to calculate the values needed in the way the examples did it, so I will need to look into that to make sure I can calculate correctly.

I have read through the rest of chapter 3 and some of chapter 4 up to this point. I have been dealing with time constraints between work and classes which has limited my progress slightly recently.

I have been viewing a few tutorials that Dalton recommended to me on Youtube for C++. They seem to be quite informative and helpful for some key concepts. The channel is “thenewboston” who releases a number of tutorials and lectures for numerous topics such as chemistry, math, and programming topics. On another note, I have been thinking about what type of concept to explore in my next project, which I will probably start very soon.

A Multi-dimensional array is “an array of arrays”. It can be described as a table of values, or multi-variable, as compared to a normal array which only has one independent variable. All values have to be the same data type.

File Access in C is managed through using a FILE pointer with the fopen function. The modes for reading, writing, and appending are 'r', 'w', and 'a', respectively.

Similar to an array, structures handle a collection of variables, and can hold different data types. Structures can be used in more ways than arrays.

typedef is a declaration that can be used to define different variable types.

enum is a declaration used for variables that are limited to certain values.

union is similar to structures except all the fields are in one location.

Arguments are user-entered information (in the command line) when prompted, which are usually used for calculation or storage.

namespaces can be used to define multiple things under one category as a “sub-scope”.

Type Casting is the method of converting a variable from one data type to a different data type.

Templates are functions that can be used to create functionality for multiple data types or classes without repeating code. Parameters are used to manage templates.

As the word suggests, an Abstract Base Class is a class that is abstract. It is used as a class and it can not be made as an object. It is used to define a class that “has one or more pure virtual member functions”.

Overloading a function is making multiple declarations of the same function name in the same scope. Doing this causes the program to select the best function when you call said overloaded function.

Operator overloading is the overloading of an operator (such as +, -, *, etc.), to manipulate a given operation to be closer to the desired solution of a problem.

Some programs are split into multiple files if the number of functions in the said program exceeds what the user desires. Having too many functions or coding in one file can put a strain on file size and/or make it difficult for the user to read. Creating multiple files for one program can help to maintain this if there is too much coding for one file. These multiple files can then be linked together to compile into a single program, rather than compiling a single file.

This objective is to understand the difference between procedural and object-oriented languages.

To understand the difference between these types of languages, it is necessary to express what defines each of these types of languages, and also to express the differences and similarities between them.

Procedural programming languages create a program that is run step by step, or in sequence. Object-Oriented programming languages create a program that holds objects which can be called based on how the coding allows it. Both of these types of programming languages can be used to accomplish very similar goals and problem solving. The nature of object-oriented programming allows it to often require less coding for a given problem than a procedural program would, usually due to repeated coding in procedural.

Reflect upon your results of the measurement to ascertain your achievement of the particular course objective.

• How did you do?

I believe I understand the difference between the two types of languages well.

• Room for improvement?

I could practice both types of languages in order to become more familiar with them.

• Could the measurement process be enhanced to be more effective?

Examples could have been used but I wasn't able to think of any.

• Do you think this enhancement would be efficient to employ?

Employing this enhancement would be efficient if a problem were given.

• Could the course objective be altered to be more applicable? How would you alter it?

Object-oriented and procedural programs are more significant in considering problems and not languages, and the objective should reflect this more. They are more of a mindset or philosophy in approaching problems than anything else.

What is the question you'd like to pose for experimentation? State it here.

Collect information and resources (such as URLs of web resources), and comment on knowledge obtained that you think will provide useful background information to aid in performing the experiment.

Based on what you've read with respect to your original posed question, what do you think will be the result of your experiment (ie an educated guess based on the facts known). This is done before actually performing the experiment.

State your rationale.

How are you going to test your hypothesis? What is the structure of your experiment?

Perform your experiment, and collect/document the results here.

Based on the data collected:

• was your hypothesis correct?
• was your hypothesis not applicable?
• is there more going on than you originally thought? (shortcomings in hypothesis)
• what shortcomings might there be in your experiment?
• what shortcomings might there be in your data?

What can you ascertain based on the experiment performed and data collected? Document your findings here; make a statement as to any discoveries you've made.

What is the question you'd like to pose for experimentation? State it here.

Collect information and resources (such as URLs of web resources), and comment on knowledge obtained that you think will provide useful background information to aid in performing the experiment.

Based on what you've read with respect to your original posed question, what do you think will be the result of your experiment (ie an educated guess based on the facts known). This is done before actually performing the experiment.

State your rationale.

How are you going to test your hypothesis? What is the structure of your experiment?

Perform your experiment, and collect/document the results here.

Based on the data collected:

• was your hypothesis correct?
• was your hypothesis not applicable?
• is there more going on than you originally thought? (shortcomings in hypothesis)
• what shortcomings might there be in your experiment?
• what shortcomings might there be in your data?

What can you ascertain based on the experiment performed and data collected? Document your findings here; make a statement as to any discoveries you've made.

If you're doing an experiment instead of a retest, delete this section.

If you've opted to test the experiment of someone else, delete the experiment section and steps above; perform the following steps:

Whose existing experiment are you going to retest? Prove the URL, note the author, and restate their question.

Evaluate their resources and commentary. Answer the following questions:

• Do you feel the given resources are adequate in providing sufficient background information?
• Are there additional resources you've found that you can add to the resources list?
• Does the original experimenter appear to have obtained a necessary fundamental understanding of the concepts leading up to their stated experiment?
• If you find a deviation in opinion, state why you think this might exist.

State their experiment's hypothesis. Answer the following questions:

• Do you feel their hypothesis is adequate in capturing the essence of what they're trying to discover?
• What improvements could you make to their hypothesis, if any?

Follow the steps given to recreate the original experiment. Answer the following questions:

• Are the instructions correct in successfully achieving the results?
• Is there room for improvement in the experiment instructions/description? What suggestions would you make?
• Would you make any alterations to the structure of the experiment to yield better results? What, and why?

Publish the data you have gained from your performing of the experiment here.

Answer the following:

• Does the data seem in-line with the published data from the original author?
• Can you explain any deviations?
• How about any sources of error?
• Is the stated hypothesis adequate?

Answer the following:

• What conclusions can you make based on performing the experiment?
• Do you feel the experiment was adequate in obtaining a further understanding of a concept?
• Does the original author appear to have gotten some value out of performing the experiment?
• Any suggestions or observations that could improve this particular process (in general, or specifically you, or specifically for the original author).