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======UNIX======

=====Case Studies=====

===Case Study 0x1: Archive Handling===

 Learned about Archives:
* learned how to compress files with **gzip**

Used <cli> cp -r /var/public/unix/archives ~  </cli> to copy to home directory. \\

Looking through the manual pages **man gzip**
<cli> gunzip archive1.tar.gz </cli> unzipped this\\
and\\
<cli> unzip archive2.zip </cli>  worked for that file \\

<cli> tar -xf arc.tar archives </cli>
created the archive

I dont believe tar, gzip and zip are all that different just different forms of archiving.


===Case Study 0x2: Unconventional Naming===

Using
<cli>*</cli>

Typed:
<cli> lab46:~/badname/exercise$ cat one* </cli>
and it returned 
<cli> spaces, commas, two types of quotes... oh my! </cli>

Typed:
<cli> lab46:~/badname/exercise$ cat '???'* </cli>
and it returned
<cli> This file has spaces and ?'s in its name. </cli>

Typed:
<cli> lab46:~/badname/exercise$ cat '`ls'* </cli>
and it returned
<cli> will the weird filenames ever end? </cli>

Using
<cli> \ </cli>

Typed:
<cli> lab46:~/badname/exercise$ cat just\ a\ simple\ file.txt </cli>
it returned 
<cli> Simple, but simpler without the spaces!</cli>

Typed:
<cli> lab46:~/badname/exercise$ cat change\ my\\\ name.file </cli>   
it returned
<cli>This file has spaces and a backslash in its name.</cli>

Typed:
<cli>lab46:~/badname/exercise$ cat \*\*\*\ watch\ out\!\ \*\*\*</cli> 
it returned
<cli>Care must be taken when using the '!' symbol, as it deals with history.</cli>
\\
Its Interesting on how the "\" removes spaces and symbols such as other slashes and stars.
\\

Using 
<cli>""</cli>

Typed:
<cli>lab46:~/badname/exercise$ cat "compress \"this\" file.data"</cli>
it returned 
<cli>this file has spaces and double quotes in its name.</cli>
\\
I had to use the slashes to remove the quotes from "this"
\\

Typed:
<cli>lab46:~/badname/exercise$ cat "#pico28903#"</cli>
it returned
<cli>laLAA... pretend this is a pico temp file.</cli>
\\

Typed:
<cli>lab46:~/badname/exercise$ cat "( parenthesis & other odd things )"</cli>
it returned
<cli>Are we having fun yet?</cli>
\\


Typed:
<cli>lab46:~/badname/exercise$ cat "\$USER VALUE\$" </cli>
it returned
<cli>Watch out for those $ signs</cli>
\\
Had to use the slashes to remove the "$"

I was able to remove "- challenge round -" with -- by looking in the man pages:
<cli>lab46:~/badname/challenge$ rm -- -\ challenge\ round\ -</cli>

===Case Study 0x3: The Puzzle Box===
\\
File.txt appears to be ASCII text\\
When using cat it says it appears to be a simple text file and contains ASCII text.\\
When compressed with gzip and ran with file(1) it returns
<cli>file.txt.gz: gzip compressed data, was "file.txt", from Unix, last modified: Fri Dec  6 16:06:32 2013</cli>

When compressed with the fastest speed
<cli> gzip -1 file.txt</cli>
it returns
<cli>file.txt.gz: gzip compressed data, was "file.txt", from Unix, last modified: Fri Dec  6 16:06:32 2013, max speed</cli>


Using cat on abcd.txt returns random symbols, when running file(1) on it it returned it was a .tar file\\
used <cli> tar -xf abcd.txt </cli>

===Case Study 0x4: Unix Messaging Tools===
\\
1. lwall1 and jkosty6
\\
2. a. jkosty6 has messages disabled.
\\
b. Write permissions turned off. 
\\
3.a. can accept invites but cant join
\\
b. lwall1 and jkosty6
\\
4.
c. lwall1 and jkosty6
\\
e. Esc, S\\

===Case Study 0x5: Web Pages===
My URL:\\
http://lab46.corning-cc.edu/~aforce2/cs.html
\\
My EX0 URL:
http://lab46.corning-cc.edu/~aforce2/ex0.html
\\
My Page Made From Scratch:
http://lab46.corning-cc.edu/~aforce2/alexspage.html


===Case Study 0x6: Device Files===

1.Some files in the /dev folder are:

*MAKEDEV
*core
*hvc4
*ppp
*tty
*vga_arbiter

Block:\\
202:1  \\ 202:2 \\  202:3
\\
Character:\\
10:1\\    13:32 \\ 1:5
\\


2.Filesystems in use:\\
/dev/xvda1            4.0G  2.8G  996M  74% / \\
tmpfs                 766M     0  766M   0% /lib/init/rw \\
udev                  738M   36K  738M   1% /dev \\
tmpfs                 766M  4.0K  766M   1% /dev/shm \\
/dev/xvda2            248M   11M  225M   5% /tmp \\
nfs:/home             2.8T  1.4T  1.5T  49% /home \\
nfs:/lib/mail         2.8T  1.4T  1.5T  49% /var/mail \\

4. crw--w---- 1 5841 5 136,  8 Dec 10 15:41 8 \\
didn't change... \\
\\

6. It does the same thing outputs it to the string except outputting it to \\tty compacts it more and outputs it to the terminal a different way. It seems to run it like a script.
\\

7. It just displays it to the terminal. Might be useful for multiple \\terminals, for a superuser that wants to send something to multiple users.
\\

===Case Study 0x7: Scheduled Tasks===
\\
d. my bot name is mybot
\\
e. I used .w 14830 and it told me corning's weather. It was very INTERESTING! and cool
\\
2. 
<cli>
if [ `pgrep -u aforce2 python | wc -l` -eq 0 ]; then
          cd Downloads/phenny/ | ./phenny
else
 echo "I'm Running!!!"
fi
</cli>


===Case Study 0x8: Data Types in C===


===Case Study 0x9: Fun with grep===

1. grep -o  "coast" pelopwar.txt and the're 9 matches






======Labs======



==Lab 0x0==


* Learned was Unix was and that it was created Bell Labs in the early 1970's and just progressed from there.

* Unix is CASE sensitive!!

* Learned how to log into lab46 from home, thrugh windows and linux.

* Learned some of the command prompt, what lab46:~$ is...

 - lab46 is the hostname of the system.

- The ”~” (tilde) is a representation of your home directory. 

- The “$” symbol represents the end of your prompt. 

- The superuser (also known as root) would have a ”#”. 

* Pwd shows where you are.

* Navagation with "cd"  also cd by itself will take you all the way home.

* ls lists the files in the directory

* mkdir creates directories,  rmdir removes directory.


==Lab 0x1===

* Learned the command **ls** which means list, displays all the files in the directory you're in.

*Learned the command **cp** which means copy.

*Learned the command **mv** which means move.

*Learned the command **rm** which means remove.

*Learned the command **ln** which means link.  **ln -s** creates a soft link.

*Learned the command **man** which followed with what your looking will open up the manual for that topic. 



==Lab 0x2==

**/bin** -	Essential basic tools for normal system usage \\
**/etc** -	Configuration files\\
**/home** - Location of the system's user directories\\
**/lib**, - /lib64, /lib32 	Contains important system libraries\\
**/mnt** -	Common place to mount additional filesystems\\
**/root** - The superuser's home directory\\
**/sbin** - Essential system administration utilities\\
**/tmp** - Temporary directory\\
**/usr** -	Additional (secondary) system functionality & userspace tools\\
**/var** -	Misc. items (mail files & databases) \\

**pwd** prints working directory.


==Lab 0x3==

*Learned about cat, head and tail commands\\
*cat - concatenate files and print on the standard output\\ 
*head -16 then filename would show the first 16 lines in the file.\\
\\
To enter insert mode, one of the following commands can be used:\\
i 	insert before cursor\\
o 	insert line below\\
O 	insert line above\\
a 	insert after cursor\\
To exit insert mode and return to command mode, hit the escape (ESC) key once.\\
\\
When in command mode, you may use the following to alter the current file:\\
:wq 	save and exit\\
:w 	save the file\\
:q! 	quit without saving\\
ZZ 	quit and save only if changed\\ 



==Lab 0x4==


*Kernel - the core of the OS. It handles everything- manages I/O, etc.\\
*Drivers - components that instruct the kernel how to function or deal with a piece of hardware.\\
*Userspace - non-kernel level. System applications, utilities, files. Users exist here, hence the name “user space”\\


Control Code -	System Code -	Description:\\
CTRL-C - INTR -	interrupt\\
CTRL-D - EOF -	issue end of file character\\
CTRL-G -	sound bell\\
CTRL-H - BS -	send backspace\\
CTRL-J - LF -	send linefeed\\
CTRL-L -	refresh screen\\
CTRL-M - CR -	send carriage return\\
CTRL-Q - XON -	start code*\\
CTRL-S - XOFF -	stop code*\\
CTRL-V -	escape the following character\\
CTRL-Z - SUSPEND -	suspend current job\\
CTRL-[ - ESC -	send escape character \\
\\
*ls -a shows hidden files called dotfiles\\

**dotfile	-    description**\\
.bash_profile - The first personal initialization file bash searches\\
.bashrc - Session personalization file called by .bash_profile\\
.cshrc - A personal initialization file for the csh/tcsh shells\\
.exrc -	A configuration file for vi/ex\\
.signature - Text file containing a signature banner for e-mail\\
.plan -	A personal banner file that is displayed on finger(1) lookups\\
.forward - A file used in automatic e-mail forwarding\\
.pinerc - A configuration file for pine\\
.vimrc - A configuration file for vim\\
\\
*The .bash_history file shows all of you bash history.  All the commands you have entered in the past.

 Common Environmental Variables Which are identified with $ and ALL CAPS  \\
   
    $PATH
    $HOSTNAME
    $USER
    $TERM
    $SHELL

Personal Variables are distinguished with lower-case letters.

SHELL=/bin/bash \\
MAIL=/home/aforce2/Maildir \\
TERM=xterm \\
PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/bin/X11:/usr/games:/usr/local/java/bin \\

echo $PATH \\

alias ls='ls --color=auto' \\

Removing the alias removed the color from the ls command. \\


===Lab 0x5: More UNIX Shell Explorations===


1. b/home/aforce2/shell
\\
d.<cli>lab46:~/shell$ touch file1 file2 file3 file4 filea file1234 fileZZZ file41</cli>
\\
2.
\\b.<cli>lab46:~/shell$ ls file* 
file1  file1234  file2  file3  file4  file41  fileZZZ  filea </cli>
\\
d. <cli> ls file? </cli> outputs only the names with one character after the word file.
\\
f.It lists file2 and file3 because the search ask's for only a 2 or 3 character after file.
\\
h. lists File2 file4 file41 and filea because the search tels it to search file following either a 2, 4 or an a following anything.
\\
3. 
\\b.File1 now returns the message of the day!
\\d. File1 changed into "-This is text-"
\\
4. 
\\ 
b. It changed into More text...
\\
d. This put file1 and file1234 into file2.  This happened because file* is file with anthing after it and file1 were redirected into file2.
\\
5.
\\
b. <cli>lab46:~/shell$ ls file555
ls: cannot access file555: No such file or directory</cli>
\\
d.The error didn't go away because the file555 doesn't exist.
\\
f. The error went away because of the STDERR redirection operator.
\\
g. This just used STDIN with cat into file 2
\\

7.
\\
b.<cli> lab46:~/shell$ echo $PATH 
/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/bin/X11:/usr/games:/usr/local/java/bin </cli>
\\
d. nothing changed because it means the same thing.
\\
f. The '' Meant literal string
\\
8.
\\a. wc is word count
\\
b. wc -l
\\
9.
\\
b. <cli>cat /etc/motd | wc -l </cli>
\\
c. 19 lines
\\
10.
\\
a. ls ????
\\
b. ls [amf]*  and 13
\\
c.  ls [abc]*[rst]  and 5 
\\
11. <cli> lab46:/var/public/unix/shell$ cat 'Long File $PATH for Shell Lab.text'
Good work! You're done! </cli>

===Lab 0x6: Shell Scripting Concepts===

1. a.ls -l shows the permissions
\\
b. -rw-r--r--
\\
c. \ d. chmod 744 script1.sh
\\
e. It ran!
\\
2. <cli> echo "Enter your birth year"                                                       
read birth

let age=2013-$birth

echo $age
</cli>
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