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user:acrowle1:portfolio:cprogproject3 [2014/03/01 15:05] – [Prerequisites] acrowle1user:acrowle1:portfolio:cprogproject3 [2014/03/09 14:53] (current) – [Project: dayofweek] acrowle1
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-======Project: squares======+======Project: Squares======
  
 A project for CSCS1320S14 by Alana Whittier during the Spring Semester 2014. A project for CSCS1320S14 by Alana Whittier during the Spring Semester 2014.
  
-This project was first begun, on or around, February, 20, 2014 and took approximately 1 week to complete. The program I first submitted is not //incorrect//, as it does compile and yields the expected output, although it is not necessarily the most elegant or //efficient// script. In the first program, a series of 'if' and 'else if' statements were used to ensure appropriate execution of the program. After some more consideration, I decided to try writing the program in an entirely different manner, using both the factor and the remainder to achieve the same output as produced in my first program. However, even this endeavor had it's challenges as I am still not sure how to conditionally tell the compiler for ALL values greater than 95, INCLUDING those that end in 5, to //only// return the error message. +This project was first begun, on or around, February, 20, 2014 and took approximately 1 week to complete. The program I first submitted is not //incorrect//, as it does compile and yields the expected output, although it is not necessarily the most elegant or //efficient// script. In that first program, a series of 'if' and 'else if' statements were used to ensure appropriate execution of the program. After some more consideration, I decided to try writing the program in an entirely different manner, using both the factor and the remainder to achieve the same output as produced in my first program. However, even this endeavor had it's challenges as I am still not sure how to conditionally tell the compiler for ALL values greater than 95, INCLUDING those that end in 5, to //only// return the error message. 
 =====Objectives===== =====Objectives=====
 The purpose of this project is to become familiarized with using a pointer in order to use the scanf() feature for obtaining input from a user. Also, this project serves to introduce a new user of C programming to conditional statements in order to achieve the desired output. In order to successfully compile and execute the program using a mental math technique, a pointer must be applied appropriately, scanf() must be implemented to call for user input and communicate back to the compiler, and the use of conditional statements (if statements, etc.) must be used.  The purpose of this project is to become familiarized with using a pointer in order to use the scanf() feature for obtaining input from a user. Also, this project serves to introduce a new user of C programming to conditional statements in order to achieve the desired output. In order to successfully compile and execute the program using a mental math technique, a pointer must be applied appropriately, scanf() must be implemented to call for user input and communicate back to the compiler, and the use of conditional statements (if statements, etc.) must be used. 
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 **Helpful Resources:** **Helpful Resources:**
   * http://wildaboutmath.com/2007/11/11/impress-your-friends-with-mental-math-tricks/comment-page-6/   * http://wildaboutmath.com/2007/11/11/impress-your-friends-with-mental-math-tricks/comment-page-6/
-  * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXAr35BiqK8 +  * http://saurabhg.hubpages.com/hub/Vedic-Mathematics---Quick-multiplication-techniques---Part-1 
-  * http://www.binaryhexconverter.com/decimal-to-hex-converter +  * Kernighan, Ritchie //The C Programming Language// Second Edition, AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1988. Print.
-  * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_number_representations+
   * email consultations and guidance from Matt Haas   * email consultations and guidance from Matt Haas
 **Experiences necessary:** **Experiences necessary:**
-  * an understanding of data types, bitwise operators, and binary, decimal hex conversion 
   * ability to edit code   * ability to edit code
   * ability to use lab46 remotely   * ability to use lab46 remotely
 +  * an understanding of the mental math technique to apply to the two digit integers ending in 5 to acquire the square of that number
 +  * a basic understanding of pointers and scanf() to obtain user input
 +  * ability to use conditional statements to achieve desired output
  
  
 =====Background===== =====Background=====
-This project aims to explore a variety of data types (both signed and unsigned), not including float and double data types. While there are different approaches (Math or logical) for obtaining solutions, in this project we will use the logical approach, using bitwise logical C operators, & (and), and | (or). If the code is written correctly, the "solutions" will display the size of the data type (in bytes), the low and high values of the available range, and the total quantity to STDOUT when executed.  +This project implements a mental math technique to compute the square of any two-digit integer ending in 5. A program is written in a manner consistent with the technique described in the project assignment page. 
  
 See project assignment page on the provided link. See project assignment page on the provided link.
-[[haas:spring2014:cprog:projects:datatypes|Project: DATA TYPES]] 
  
-**The char Data Type** +[[haas:spring2014:cprog:projects:squares|Project: MENTAL MATH (SQUARES OF 5)]]
-Each char character such as a, A, b, or B has a unique numeric value associated with it that computers use to represent the characters. This is such since the computer can only store numeric code. The original ASCII set had only 128 characters, represented by 2^7. This ASCII character set has been expanded to 2^8, or 256 total characters.+
  
-**The int Data Type** +This mental math technique, as well as many others,  is part of a collection of what is commonly called Vedic Mathematics, methods to compute quickly, without the use of a calculator, or performing a lengthy multi-step multiplication process by hand. 
-To specify a variable type as an integer, the int keyword is used. Integers are considered whole numbers, meaning that any fractional part is ignored. +
  
-**Format Specifiers in fprintf() Function (for this assignment)** 
  
-  * %c: character 
-  * %d: integer 
-  * %s: string  
-  * %u: unsigned integer  
-**Adding h, hh, l, ll to format specifiers** 
-  * %hhu: half half unsigned char 
-  * %hhd: half half signed char 
-  * %lu: unsigned long int 
-  * %ld: signed long int 
-  * %llu: unsigned long long int 
-  * %lld: signed long long int 
-  * %hu: unsigned short int 
-  * %hd: signed short int 
  
-**Difference between signed and unsigned data types** 
-  * signed data types accept both positive and negative values 
-  * unsigned data types accept ONLY positive values 
-For example, an unsigned character has a range of values from 0 to 255 (2^8 -1), where an signed char could have a range from -128 (2^7) to 127 (2^7 -1). Additionally, if an int data type of size 2 bytes, or 16 bits, the unsigned int type communicates to the compiler that the variable can assume only positive values from 0 to 65535 (2^16 -1), while the signed int could range from -32768 (-2^15 -1) to  32767 (2^15). 
  
-**Converting to Decimal to Hex or Binary** 
-Binary is a 2-based number system where each digit, called a bit can be either 0 or 1. Hex values range from 0 to F  in a 4 bit size, meaning there are 16 possibilities. 
  
-Lets say for example there is a decimal number of 10. To convert to binary, consider that 10= 2^3 +2^1. Then let's consider that there is (1) 2^3, (0) 2^2, (1) 2^1, (0) 2^0. Then, 1*2^3 + 0*2^2 + 1*2^1 + 0* 2^0 = 1010 in binary. Since there are only 0 through 9 digits, in hex, 10 = A, 11 = B, 12 = C, 13 = D, 14 = E, and 15 = F. Thus to convert the decimal value of 10 to hex, the hex representation would be A.  
  
-**Bitwise Operators (used in this assignment)** 
-These are used to perform "logical" operations.  
-  * &: the bitwise AND operator (requires that ALL bits in an argument be 1 to be any resulting value other than 0). 
-  * |: the bitwise OR operator (results in 1 if one or either bit is equal to one.) 
  
-**sizeof() function** 
-Yields the size of the data type to be stored (in bytes). 
  
 +=====Scope=====
 +The motivation behind this project is to become familiarized with applying a pointer in order to use the Scanf() feature to acquire user input for computing the squares of two-digit integers ending in 5. A program is written in which the Vedic math technique is applied to compute the squares individually and output them for the user. 
 +=====Attributes=====
 +State and justify the attributes you'd like to receive upon successful approval and completion of this project.
  
 +  * write program to successfully calculate the square of the two-digit integer ending in 5 using the Mental Math Technique
 +  * Obtain user input with a prompt by proper implementation of pointer and use of scanf(). 
 +  * Output both the user input value and the square of that value. 
 +=====Procedure=====
 +My first attempt at writing the program was using the modulus operator, %, although abandoned that effort quickly as it was not clear what to do with the factor in order to implement the mental math technique. I then decided to implement the computation of the square in what I deemed more simplistic of an approach and then used a series of if, else if statements to output **//only//** the values I wanted the user to input and obtain (two-digit integers ending in 5), and  finally an else statement in which "Error: Invalid Entry" is displayed for all values greater than 95 and for all values that do not end in 5. 
  
 +Example 1 (My first submitted program): 
  
  
 +#include <stdio.h>
 +#include <stdlib.h>
  
  
 +int main()
 +{
 +        
 +        int i;
 +        int *p;
 +        p=&i;
  
 +        printf("type up to a two digit integer ending in 5;\n");
 +        scanf("%d", p);
 +        if(i==15){
 +                printf("%.2d: %d\n",i, (1*(1+1))*100 + 5*5);}
 +    else if(i==25){
 +                printf("%.2d: %d\n",i, (2*(2+1))*100 +5*5);}
 + else if(i==35){
 +                printf("%.2d: %d\n",i, (3*(3+1))*100 +5*5);}
 +        else if(i==45){
 +                printf("%.2d: %d\n",i, (4*(4+1))*100 +5*5);} 
 +        else if(i==55){
 +                printf("%.2d: %d\n",i, (5*(5+1))*100 +5*5);}
 +        else if(i==65){
 +                printf("%.2d: %d\n",i, (6*(6+1))*100 +5*5);} 
 +        else if(i==75){
 +                printf("%.2d: %d\n",i, (7*(7+1))*100 +5*5);}         
 +        else if(i==85){
 +                printf("%.2d: %d\n",i, (8*(8+1))*100 +5*5);}
 +        else if(i=95){
 +                printf("%.2d: %d\n",i, (9*(9+1))*100 +5*5);}  
 + else 
 + printf("Error: Invalid Entry\n");
  
-=====Scope===== 
-The motivation behind this project is to become familiar with a number of data types available to us in C programming. The assumptions are that a program will be written successfully to acquire information related to each data type specified including, how much space is allocated to each data type, how many unique numbers are possible, and the available ranges of values (high and low).  
  
-The specific data types explored in this project are (includes signed and unsigned): 
-  * char 
-  * short int 
-  * int 
-  * long int 
-  * long long int 
-=====Attributes===== 
-State and justify the attributes you'd like to receive upon successful approval and completion of this project. 
  
-  * ability to edit code: this project will help immensely since the data types must be declared and specified correctly. +        return(0); 
-  * ability to convert to hexadecimal: this is a requirement to use the bitwise AND/OR logical operators per data type +} 
-  * ability to obtain the low (negative values) for the signed data types. +
-=====Procedure===== +
-The actual steps taken to accomplish the project. Include images, code snippets, command-line excerpts; whatever is useful for intuitively communicating important information for accomplishing the project.+
  
-=====Code===== +After more consideration, I decided to try again writing the program using the modulus operator, which I called R and the factor which I declared a variable. This code is substantially more efficient as it does not require so many lines of code to obtain the squared values. However, I am uncertain how to completely limit the computation and output, since this approach also works for 3 and 4 digit integers ending in five. 
-<code c> +
-''/*datatypes.c - A Program to derive and display information; +
-                for the signed and unsigned data types in C.;+
  
 +Example 2 (The second program using modulus operator and factor): 
  
-written by: Alana Whittier for CSCS1320S14; 
- 
-on February 14, 2014; 
- 
-Compile with: gcc -o datatypes datatypes.c; 
-Execute with: ./datatypes 
-*/ 
  
 #include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
 +#include <stdlib.h>
  
 int main() int main()
 { {
-    unsigned char uchr = 0;  //unsigned char code +   
- fprintf(stdout, "TYPE: %15s, ", "unsigned char"); //returns string +        int i; 
- fprintf(stdout, "bytes: %lu, ", sizeof(uchr)); //returns number of bytes for unsigned char + int factor, R; 
- fprintf(stdout, "low: %hhu, ", (uchr & 0X00)); //returns low value for unsigned char +        int *p; 
- fprintf(stdout, "high: %hhu, ", (uchr | 0XFF)); //returns high value for unsigned char +        p=&i;
- uchr = uchr -1; //decrement +
- fprintf(stdout, "qty: %hu\n", (uchr+1)); //performs increment first, then returns qty value+
  
-    signed char schr = 0;  //signed char code +        printf("type up to a two digit integer ending in 5;\n"); 
-    fprintf(stdout, "TYPE: %15s, ", "signed char"); //returns string +        scanf("%d", p); 
- fprintf(stdout, "bytes: %lu, ", sizeof(schr)); //returns number of bytes for signed char +  
- fprintf(stdout, "low: %hhd, ", (schr | -0X80)); //returns low value for signed char (need to type cast AND change to bitwise OR) + factor = i/10; 
- fprintf(stdout, "high: %hhd, ", (schr | 0X7F));//returns high value for signed char +        R = i % 10; 
- schr = schr -1; //decrement +  
- fprintf(stdout, "qty: %hu\n", (unsigned char) (schr+1)); //type cast to display negative values, perform increment, then display qty + if(R==5) 
-     +        printf("%.2d: %d\n",i, (factor*(factor+1))*100 + 5*5 ); 
-    unsigned short int usi = 0;  //unsigned short int code + if(i>95) 
-    fprintf(stdout, "TYPE: %18s, ", "unsigned short int");//returns string + printf("Error: Invalid Entry");
- fprintf(stdout, "bytes: %lu, ", sizeof(usi)); //returns number of bytes for unsigned short int +
- fprintf(stdout, "low: %hu, ", (usi & 0X00)); //returns low value for unsigned short int +
- fprintf(stdout, "high: %hu, ", (usi | 0XFFFF));//returns high value for unsigned short int +
- usi = usi -1; //decrement +
- fprintf(stdout, "qty: %hu\n", (usi+1)); //performs increment first, then returns qty value +
-     +
-    signed short int ssi = 0;  //signed short int code +
-    fprintf(stdout, "TYPE: %18s, ", "signed short int"); //returns string +
- fprintf(stdout, "bytes: %lu, ", sizeof(usi)); //returns number of bytes for signed short int +
- fprintf(stdout, "low: %hd, ", (ssi | -0X8000); //returns low value for signed short int (need to type cast AND change to bitwise OR) +
- fprintf(stdout, "high: %hd, ", (ssi | 0X7FFF)); //returns high value for signed short int +
- ssi = ssi -1; //decrement +
- fprintf(stdout, "qty: %hu\n", (unsigned short int) (ssi+1)); //type cast to display negative value, perform increment, then display qty +
-     +
-    unsigned int ui = 0;  //unsigned int code +
-    fprintf(stdout, "TYPE: %18s, ", "unsigned int"); //return string +
-    fprintf(stdout, "bytes: %lu, ", sizeof(ui)); //return number of bytes for unsigned int +
- fprintf(stdout, "low: %u, ", (ui & 0X00)); //returns low value for unsigned int  +
- fprintf(stdout, "high: %u, ", (ui | 0XFFFFFFFF)); //returns high value for unsigned int +
- ui = ui -1; //decrement +
- fprintf(stdout, "qty: %u\n", (ui+1)); //performs increment first, then returns qty value +
-     +
-    signed int si = 0;  //signed int code +
-    fprintf(stdout, "TYPE: %18s, ", "signed int"); //returns string +
-    fprintf(stdout, "bytes: %lu, ", sizeof(si)); //returns number of bytes for signed int +
- fprintf(stdout, "low: %d, ", (si | -0X80000000); //returns low value for signed int (need to type cast AND change to bitwise OR) +
- fprintf(stdout, "high: %d, ", (si | 0X7FFFFFFF)); //returns high value for signed int +
- si = si -1; +
- fprintf(stdout, "qty: %u\n", (unsigned int) (si+1)); //type cast to display negative value, perform increment, then display qty +
-  +
-    unsigned long int uli = 0;  //unsigned long int code +
-    fprintf(stdout, "TYPE: %18s, ", "unsigned long int"); //returns string +
-    fprintf(stdout, "bytes: %lu, ", sizeof(uli)); //returns number of bytes for unsigned long int +
- fprintf(stdout, "low: %lu, ", (uli & 0X00)); // returns low value for unsigned long int +
- fprintf(stdout, "high: %lu, ", (uli | 0XFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)); //returns high value for unsigned long int +
- uli = uli -1; //decrement +
- fprintf(stdout, "qty: %lu\n", (uli+1)); //performs increment first, then displays qty +
-     +
-    signed long int sli = 0;  //signed long int code +
-    fprintf(stdout, "TYPE: %18s, ", "signed long int"); //returns string +
-    fprintf(stdout, "bytes: %lu, ", sizeof(sli)); //returns number of bytes for signed long int +
- fprintf(stdout, "low: %ld, ", (sli | -0X8000000000000000)); //returns low value for signed long int (need to type cast AND change to bitwise OR) +
- fprintf(stdout, "high: %ld, ", (sli | 0X7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)); //returns high value for signed long int +
- sli = sli -1; //decrement +
- fprintf(stdout, "qty: %lu\n", (unsigned long int) (sli+1)); //type cast to display negative value, perform increment, then display qty+
  
-    unsigned long long int ulli = 0;  //unsigned long long int code 
-    fprintf(stdout, "TYPE: %18s, ", "unsigned long long int"); //returns string 
-    fprintf(stdout, "bytes: %llu, ", sizeof(uli)); //returns number of bytes for unsigned long long int 
- fprintf(stdout, "low: %llu, ", (uli & 0X00)); //returns low value for unsigned long long int 
- fprintf(stdout, "high: %llu, ", (uli | 0XFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)); //returns high value for unsigned long long int 
- ulli = ulli -1; //decrement 
- fprintf(stdout, "qty: %llu\n", (uli+1)); //performs increment first, then displays qty 
-     
-    signed long long int slli = 0;  //signed long long int code 
-    fprintf(stdout, "TYPE: %18s, ", "signed long long int"); //returns string 
-    fprintf(stdout, "bytes: %lu, ", sizeof(slli)); //returns number of bytes for signed long long int 
- fprintf(stdout, "low: %lld, ", (slli | -0X8000000000000000)); //returns low value for signed long long int (need to type cast AND chage to bitwise OR) 
- fprintf(stdout, "high: %lld, ", (slli | 0X7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)); //returns high value for signed long long int 
- slli = slli -1; //decrement 
- fprintf(stdout, "qty: %lu\n", (unsigned long long int) (slli+1)); //type cast to display negative value, perform increment, then display qty 
   
- }+       
  
 +        return(0);
 +} 
 +
 +
 +=====Code=====
 +<code c>
 +/*Squares.c - A program which implements a mental math;
 +              technique for computing the square of any;
 +   two digit integer ending in 5, given by
 +   user input;
 +   
 +Written by: Alana Whittier for CSCS1320S14 on February 26, 2014;
  
-=====Execution=====+Compile with: gcc- - squares squares.c; 
 +Execute with: ./squares 
 +*/
  
-<cli> +#include <stdio.h> 
-lab46:~/src/cscs1320$ nano datatypesM-D.c +#include <stdlib.h>
-lab46:~/src/cscs1320$ gcc -o datatypesM-D datatypesM-D.c +
-lab46:~/src/cscs1320$ ./datatypesM-D +
-TYPE: unsigned char, bytes: 1, low: 0, high: 255, qty: 256 +
-TYPE:   signed char, bytes: 1, low: -128, high: 127, qty: 256 +
-TYPE: unsigned short int, bytes: 2, low: 0, high: 65535, qty: 0 +
-TYPE:   signed short int, bytes: 2, low: -32768, high: 32767, qty: 0 +
-TYPE: unsigned int, bytes: 4, low: 0, high: 4294967295, qty: 0 +
-TYPE:   signed int, bytes: 4, low: -2147483648, high: 2147483647, qty: 0 +
-TYPE: unsigned long int, bytes: 8, low: 0, high: 18446744073709551615, qty: 0 +
-TYPE:   signed long int, bytes: 8, low: -9223372036854775808, high: 9223372036854775807, qty: 0 +
-TYPE: unsigned long long int, bytes: 8, low: 0, high: 18446744073709551615, qty: 0 +
-TYPE:   signed long long int, bytes: 8, low: -9223372036854775808, high: 9223372036854775807, qty: 0 +
-</cli>+
  
-=====Reflection===== 
-Considering the difficulties I encountered during the process of writing this program, it was as rewarding as it was frustrating. It forced me to delve deeper into more of the computer fundamentals to successfully execute the program. Since I have never taken a digital logic type course and this was my first programming course, binary was a foreign concept to me. Furthermore, converting from decimal to binary or hex was even more foreign. I have learned everything from two's and one's complement, to format specifiers, to manipulating code in order to obtain the negative values in the range for the signed data types. In order to do this, I changed from bitwise AND to bitwise OR, as well as type cast to the unsigned counterpart of the data type. This was a surprise, as I happened upon changing from bitwise AND to OR, only in desperation to achieve what I knew the low values in the range were supposed to be. I kept second guessing MY logic, as well as the computer logic used in completing the assignment.  
  
-**Observations**+int main() 
 +{ 
 +         
 +        int i; 
 +        int *p; 
 +        p=&i;
  
-The long and long long int (signed and unsigned) appear the same. This is because they are both 64 bit and that is the most the compiler can handle.+        printf("type up to a two digit integer ending in 5;\n"); 
 +        scanf("%d", p); 
 +        if(i==15){ 
 +                printf("%.2d: %d\n",i, (1*(1+1))*100 + 5*5);} 
 +    else if(i==25){ 
 +                printf("%.2d: %d\n",i, (2*(2+1))*100 +5*5);} 
 + else if(i==35){ 
 +                printf("%.2d: %d\n",i, (3*(3+1))*100 +5*5);} 
 +        else if(i==45){ 
 +                printf("%.2d: %d\n",i, (4*(4+1))*100 +5*5);}  
 +        else if(i==55){ 
 +                printf("%.2d: %d\n",i, (5*(5+1))*100 +5*5);} 
 +        else if(i==65){ 
 +                printf("%.2d: %d\n",i, (6*(6+1))*100 +5*5);}  
 +        else if(i==75){ 
 +                printf("%.2d: %d\n",i, (7*(7+1))*100 +5*5);}          
 +        else if(i==85){ 
 +                printf("%.2d: %d\n",i, (8*(8+1))*100 +5*5);} 
 +        else if(i=95){ 
 +                printf("%.2d: %d\n",i, (9*(9+1))*100 +5*5);}   
 + else  
 + printf("Error: Invalid Entry\n");
  
-printf() and fprintf() basically do the same thing. The difference being that printf can only print on the monitor, has the default stream of STDOUT, while fprintf can print to a user defined stream (or file). In our project, fprintf uses the STDOUT to the screen AS if it were a file.  
  
-STDOUT is by default printed to the screen unless user specified.  
  
-%s is the format specifier used to print a string of characters, %hhu is the format specifier for half half unsigned char, % hu is the format specifier for unsigned short int. +        return(0); 
 +}   
 +  
 +=====Execution=====
  
-The difference between %u and %d are that %u denotes an unsigned int type, while %d denotes a signed int type. +<cli> 
 +lab46:~/src/cscs1320$ nano squares.c 
 +lab46:~/src/cscs1320$ gcc -o squares squares.c 
 +lab46:~/src/cscs1320$ ./squares 
 +type up to a two digit integer ending in 5; 
 +25 
 +25: 625 
 +lab46:~/src/cscs1320$ ./squares 
 +type up to a two digit integer ending in 5; 
 +55 
 +55: 3025 
 +lab46:~/src/cscs1320$ ./squares 
 +type up to a two digit integer ending in 5; 
 +60 
 +Error: Invalid Entry 
 +lab46:~/src/cscs1320$ ./squares 
 +type up to a two digit integer ending in 5; 
 +95 
 +95: 9025 
 +lab46:~/src/cscs1320$ ./squares 
 +type up to a two digit integer ending in 5; 
 +100 
 +Error: Invalid Entry 
 +lab46:~/src/cscs1320$
  
-Considering the 13 in %13 in the first stanza for unsigned char in the program, this just specifies the number of characters in the string, including spaces to be printed for "TYPE". +</cli>
  
-If a sign is left unspecified, it is assumed unsigned by default.+=====Reflection===== 
 +In writing this program, I encountered some initial difficulty with the use of if, else if, and else statements. I was not understanding why the program was not doing as I expected. After a series of trial and error attempts, it was observed that my code would work if I used the correct syntax. First mistake: the semi-colon following the if, else if, else conditions that I tried to impose. Removing them helped significantly. 
 +Second mistake: The way I used the curly braces. Essentially, I was embedding several else if statements within the initial if. By correcting this my code worked flawlessly. 
 + 
 +Since my initial attempt at writing this program included the modulus operator, which had been quickly abandoned, I decided to revisit that since I now had a working program written in a manner I felt was more simplistic. What I realized that I was missing from my initial program was the factor (the number of times that 10 went into the integer). For example, if I declared the factor to be i/10 and R= i%10, then for an integer value of 25, R=5 and the factor=2, since 10 can go into 25 twice, with a remainder of 5. With this program written this way, the same mental math technique works for 3 and 4 digit integers ending in 5 as well, to compute the squares. This code is shown above in Example 2 of the Procedure section.    
  
-The & and | operators are the bitwise logic operators, which in our case took the hex representation of our data types to help us to obtain the appropriate high/low values within our ranges.  
  
-I experienced some difficulty in initial attempts to obtain the low values for the signed data types. I later learned that not only did I need to change the expression for the "low" values to bitwise OR, but I also needed to type cast in the final line of the signed data type stanza. 
  
-Based on my program's output, the total bits allocated per the following data types are as follows: 
-   * signed char = 8 bits 
-   * unsigned short int = 16 bits 
-   * unsigned int = 32 bits 
-   * signed int = 32 bits 
-   * signed long long int = 64 bits 
  
-However, due to the decrementing and incrementing per data type, only the unsigned char actually stored ANY memory at all and stored a total of 16 bits! 
  
  
Line 255: Line 227:
 In performing this project, the following resources were referenced: In performing this project, the following resources were referenced:
  
-  * http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/types1 +  * http://wildaboutmath.com/2007/11/11/impress-your-friends-with-mental-math-tricks/comment-page-6/ 
-  * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXAr35BiqK8 +  * http://saurabhg.hubpages.com/hub/Vedic-Mathematics---Quick-multiplication-techniques---Part-1 
-  * http://www.binaryhexconverter.com/decimal-to-hex-converter +  * Kernighan, Ritchie //The C Programming Language// Second Edition, AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1988. Print. 
-  * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_number_representations +  * email consultations and guidance from Matt Haas
user/acrowle1/portfolio/cprogproject3.1393686313.txt.gz · Last modified: 2014/03/01 15:05 by acrowle1

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