These are devices that use electronic processing that at that given time is the fastest processing available. High performance computing utilizes these machines as their main tool for calculations.

In modern times they are used for calculations that involve very extensive computing. IE: Quantum physics, molecular modeling, gas exploration

Simply put this is a person that is in charge of a computer or a network of computers. Their duties range in software and in hardware. If a server or computer needs the software updated they are in charge of doing it. Also if there are service outages they are on top of repairing these services.

The software on a server is out of date, the system admin comes and updates the software to the server.

A network of computing devices designed to act as one single unit.

A very good use of this is linking several 'slower' machines together to work together in order to compute your desired software. This is much more efficient than going out and buying a new system or upgrading your system every time you need more processing power or speed for your calculations.

This is a tool used to calculate how many operations the processor is calculating per second. It's a very useful tool in HPC if you need a calculations per second and are unsure of the machines or clusters speed.

It can be primarly used to calculate the processing speed of a super computer.

This let's on operating system emulate several other operating systems while making the best use of the systems resources and hardware. The entire system is not emulated. This is not always the best solution as it may be more lenient on resources, the operating system must be worked on in order to let it work with this.

I.E. I am going to run a virtual machine on a desktop with very low resources available (very outdated computer.) So in this situation I decide to run a para-virtualization setup as it is more resource friendly even though it requires a little more work and has a few more restrictions on it compared to full virtualization.

A Unix account that has privelages to edit, save or open any files in the filesystem. It is used for system administration.

Someone is trying to do a VM install but they cannot download and install packages as they are not a root user. They then log in as root and they are now allowed to download and install the packages.

Completely erasing a memory allocation to ground zero and then beginning it a new with a new file system (usually the same as before).

At the beginning of a VM install you would usually reformat the drive and do a frech install of the OS. There isn't anything on the drive that is of any real use, so you have no use in keeping anything on the drive intact. Therefore, erase it and start fresh.

State the course objective

In your own words, define what that objective entails.

State the method you will use for measuring successful academic/intellectual achievement of this objective.

Follow your method and obtain a measurement. Document the results here.

Reflect upon your results of the measurement to ascertain your achievement of the particular course objective.

• How did you do?
• Is there room for improvement?
• Could the measurement process be enhanced to be more effective?
• Do you think this enhancement would be efficient to employ?
• Could the course objective be altered to be more applicable? How would you alter it?

This is one single file that is a complete representation of a single storage device. A storage device could be a cd, dvd, harddrive, floppy disk or anything else.

I'm going to reformat my computer and my external hdd but I don't want to lose all the information on my external hdd. Now I use some software to create a disk image of every file on the hdd while I reformat everything.

Note: Aptituse itself is a high level-interface designed for the package manager.

This is a useful command in order to see what packages are installed on a system. After 'aptitude search' insert the name of a package you are looking for and it will display a list of every package available with that name. It also lists if they are currently installed or not which is marked by an 'i' next to the packages name.

vmserver01: aptitude search xen
p   linux-headers-2.6.26-2-common-xen                       - Common header files for Linux 2.6.26-2-xen                       
p   linux-headers-2.6.26-2-xen-686                          - Header files for Linux 2.6.26-2-xen-686                          
p   linux-image-2.6-xen-686                                 - Linux 2.6 image on i686, oldstyle Xen support                    
p   linux-image-2.6.26-1-xen-686                            - Linux 2.6.26 image on i686, oldstyle Xen support                 
i A linux-image-2.6.26-2-xen-686                            - Linux 2.6.26 image on i686, oldstyle Xen support                 
p   linux-image-xen-686                                     - Linux image on i686, oldstyle Xen support                        
v   linux-latest-modules-2.6.26-2-xen-686                   -                                                                  
p   linux-modules-2.6-xen-686                               - Linux 2.6 modules on i686           

This is a tool that allows you to install available packages.

So you're doing a NM install with xen and you need a few xen packages. After seaching with aptitude you decide you need to install xen-tools. You input “aptitude install xen-tools” and there ya go, the screen spits out

vmserver01:~# aptitude install xen-tools
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Reading extended state information      
Initializing package states... Done
Reading task descriptions... Done  
No packages will be installed, upgraded, or removed.
0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 0B of archives. After unpacking 0B will be used.
Writing extended state information... Done
Reading package lists... Done             
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Reading extended state information      
Initializing package states... Done
Reading task descriptions... Done

*NOTE: In this case it says 0 files altered or installed because Ialready have this package installed.*

There are many forms but in general it is a resource that is used by clients. It is a piece of hardware with software on it that allows clients to use it for their benefit.

Few examples.

A printer server would allow clients to access the printer through a network and print from this server.

A storage server would allow clients to access a storage device through a network and save their data.

Awesomeness. It is the interaction between the user of the computer and the computer itself that is not GUI. It is just a keyboard and text environment versus a visual point a click interface. You type out and tell the computer what to do instead of poking it with your mouse.

lab46:~$ cd stuff
lab46:~/stuff$ ls
0x8  0x9  0xa
lab46:~/stuff$

Simply put this is the much gooder version of vi. It is a package that installs the goodness that comes with vi. As regular vi is very very hurtful to the brain wrinkles and make baby jesus cry.

I.E. vim allows you to search through a text file with simplicity. It allows you to cut and paste with a few commands. It allows you to 'jump' around the file with ease. This is all compared to my short experience with regular vi where I could not even understand how to insert text where I wanted it. (or maybe it was all the lead paint chips I ate as a child, who knows)

In computery terms this is a digital space of memory where a large amount of like data is stored. It aims to organize large amounts of data. keyword organize.

I.E. At a bank there are (assuming) thousands of accounts that people have stored there. Let's say these accounts keep all the standard information of name, address, phone number and savings account. A database would store of of this information in files. The files would most likely be saved by the name of the individual of who the account belongs too. So instead of having all of this information strewn all over it's all neat and tidy tucked away in this database.

Identification of chosen keyword (unless you update the section heading above).

Definition (in your own words) of the chosen keyword.

Demonstration of the chosen keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Alternatively (or additionally), if you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

State the course objective

In your own words, define what that objective entails.

State the method you will use for measuring successful academic/intellectual achievement of this objective.

Follow your method and obtain a measurement. Document the results here.

Reflect upon your results of the measurement to ascertain your achievement of the particular course objective.

• How did you do?
• Is there room for improvement?
• Could the measurement process be enhanced to be more effective?
• Do you think this enhancement would be efficient to employ?
• Could the course objective be altered to be more applicable? How would you alter it?

Essentially the first real version of unix that ran on the very first IBM computers back in the 70's. It is claimed to have many similarites to BSD unix and over the years has been rewritten many times.

A program that reads and decodes comand line inputs as a program. Essentially a big list of command line inputs that run like any other program.

echo "enter first number: "
read num1
echo "enter second number: "
read num2
echo "enter third number: "
read num3
echo "enter fourth number: "
read num4

sum=`echo $num1+$num2+$num3+$num4 | bc`
echo "The sum of the numbers is: $sum"
product=`echo $num1*$num2*$num3*$num4 | bc`
echo "The product of the numbers is: $product"

This is a sort of a filing system for unix that assigns a specific and permanent number to a process the entire time that process is in mrmory. Very handy if you want to kill the process later as this number gives you direct means of telling the OS what to kill.

ps command displays the processes aslong with their corresponding PIDs

USER       PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND
jhammo13 12321  0.0  0.1  13688  2064 pts/14   SNs  10:02   0:00 -bash
jhammo13 12615  0.0  0.0   8588   988 pts/14   RN+  10:06   0:00 ps u
jhammo13 13014  0.0  0.0  13660     8 pts/37   SNs  Jan24   0:00 /bin/bash
jhammo13 13018  0.0  0.1  42536  1888 pts/37   SN+  Jan24  12:32 irssi

This is a technique used by Unix's kernel in order to free up memory in times of extreme memory shortages or when a process has idled for a certain period of time.

This is a number that forces the Unix kernel to run more efficiently eith processes. The number inidicates to the kernel how often the individual process is used, therefore when the kernel sees a number indicating the process is used very often it targes that process and completes it more quickly than one of low priority.

This is a variable set to indicate that some condition in the program has been met.

If a useris chaecking for a certain condition such as the end of a file within a program, when the end of that file is reached the flag will be 'set.'

Databases that store a large magnitude of data so that an end user does not have to store it all locally. However, as the client needs large amounts of this data the bottleneck becomes the network.

A set of clients in a LAN that must send and receive large amounts of data in small amounts of time resulting in a need for a faster LAN.

State the course objective

In your own words, define what that objective entails.

State the method you will use for measuring successful academic/intellectual achievement of this objective.

Follow your method and obtain a measurement. Document the results here.

Reflect upon your results of the measurement to ascertain your achievement of the particular course objective.

• How did you do?
• Is there room for improvement?
• Could the measurement process be enhanced to be more effective?
• Do you think this enhancement would be efficient to employ?
• Could the course objective be altered to be more applicable? How would you alter it?

Adjusts over wide ranges to changes in delays and throughput and still meet the needs of its applications.

Does not adapt if at all to changes in delays and throughput.

This is a smooth continuous signal and usually thought of in an electrical context. An advantage of analog is overall quality of a signal being better but analog is a lot harder to reproduce.

This mantains a constant level for some period of time and then abruptly changes. This is a poorer quality than analog but is easier to reproduce.

A data transmission that can only go one way on the medium

A television set. It can only receive signals from the cable company over the coax and display them on youe tv. It cannot receive input from you and senf it back to the cable company over the coax.

There is trnsmission both ways over a medium but the transmissions cannot take place both ways at the same time.

Walkie talkies allow two people to communicate both ways but they cannot communicate simultaneously.

In a wave refereing to data transfer this is the spot in the wave where most of the energy in the signal is caontained in a realatively narrow band of frequencies.

There is transmission both ways and at the same time.

A telephone allows two end users to communicate and they can also speak simultaneously and neither one of them gets cut out.

State the course objective

In your own words, define what that objective entails.

State the method you will use for measuring successful academic/intellectual achievement of this objective.

Follow your method and obtain a measurement. Document the results here.

Reflect upon your results of the measurement to ascertain your achievement of the particular course objective.

• How did you do?
• Is there room for improvement?
• Could the measurement process be enhanced to be more effective?
• Do you think this enhancement would be efficient to employ?
• Could the course objective be altered to be more applicable? How would you alter it?

The range of frequencies that a wave contains.

These are analog waves that range in frequencies. Their range is 20Hz-20kHz and somesones speech range is from 100Hz-7kHz.

This is a form of fcuntion that specify's the function return type.

int myfunction(int x)

This is a keyword used in C++ programming to test a boolean condition of true or false.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
     if (6 > 3)
     {
         cout<<"6 is greater than 3";
     }

return 0;
}

The later of the two above keywords can be used if the former of the two is found to be a false statement. The later gives the program somewhere to go if it is false.

include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <fstream>


using  namespace std;

int main()
!=0) && (y==0))
		cout<<"("<<x<<","<<y<<")  is on the x-axis"<<endl;
	                			
	else if ((x>0) && (y>0))
                cout<<"("<<x<<","<<y<<")  is in quadrant 1"<<endl;

	else if ((x<0) && (y>0))
                cout<<"("<<x<<","<<y<<")  is in quadrant 2"<<endl;

	else if ((x<0) && (y<0))
                cout<<"("<<x<<","<<y<<")  is in quadrant 3"<<endl;

	else if ((x>0) && (y<0))
                cout<<"("<<x<<","<<y<<")  is in quadrant 4"<<endl;
	else
		cout<<"Invalid"<<endl;
	return 0;
}

A set up in c++ that involves an integer being incremented and a line of code being continually processed until the incrementation reaches a certain number. Most comonly until it has been processed a certain number of times.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
   int x;
   
   for (x = 0; x < 3; x++;)
   {
        cout<<"meow"<<endl;
   }
 return 0;  
}

this will display the word meow two times because the program processes the line of code that prints meow two times

Identification of chosen keyword (unless you update the section heading above).

Definition (in your own words) of the chosen keyword.

Demonstration of the chosen keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Alternatively (or additionally), if you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification of chosen keyword (unless you update the section heading above).

Definition (in your own words) of the chosen keyword.

Demonstration of the chosen keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Alternatively (or additionally), if you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

State the course objective

In your own words, define what that objective entails.

State the method you will use for measuring successful academic/intellectual achievement of this objective.

Follow your method and obtain a measurement. Document the results here.

Reflect upon your results of the measurement to ascertain your achievement of the particular course objective.

• How did you do?
• Is there room for improvement?
• Could the measurement process be enhanced to be more effective?
• Do you think this enhancement would be efficient to employ?
• Could the course objective be altered to be more applicable? How would you alter it?

Identification of chosen keyword (unless you update the section heading above).

Definition (in your own words) of the chosen keyword.

Demonstration of the chosen keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Alternatively (or additionally), if you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification of chosen keyword (unless you update the section heading above).

Definition (in your own words) of the chosen keyword.

Demonstration of the chosen keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Alternatively (or additionally), if you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification of chosen keyword (unless you update the section heading above).

Definition (in your own words) of the chosen keyword.

Demonstration of the chosen keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Alternatively (or additionally), if you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification of chosen keyword (unless you update the section heading above).

Definition (in your own words) of the chosen keyword.

Demonstration of the chosen keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Alternatively (or additionally), if you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification of chosen keyword (unless you update the section heading above).

Definition (in your own words) of the chosen keyword.

Demonstration of the chosen keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Alternatively (or additionally), if you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification of chosen keyword (unless you update the section heading above).

Definition (in your own words) of the chosen keyword.

Demonstration of the chosen keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Alternatively (or additionally), if you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification of chosen keyword (unless you update the section heading above).

Definition (in your own words) of the chosen keyword.

Demonstration of the chosen keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Alternatively (or additionally), if you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification of chosen keyword (unless you update the section heading above).

Definition (in your own words) of the chosen keyword.

Demonstration of the chosen keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Alternatively (or additionally), if you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

State the course objective

In your own words, define what that objective entails.

State the method you will use for measuring successful academic/intellectual achievement of this objective.

Follow your method and obtain a measurement. Document the results here.

Reflect upon your results of the measurement to ascertain your achievement of the particular course objective.

• How did you do?
• Is there room for improvement?
• Could the measurement process be enhanced to be more effective?
• Do you think this enhancement would be efficient to employ?
• Could the course objective be altered to be more applicable? How would you alter it?

Perform the following steps:

Whose existing experiment are you going to retest? Provide the URL, note the author, and restate their question.

Evaluate their resources and commentary. Answer the following questions:

• Do you feel the given resources are adequate in providing sufficient background information?
• Are there additional resources you've found that you can add to the resources list?
• Does the original experimenter appear to have obtained a necessary fundamental understanding of the concepts leading up to their stated experiment?
• If you find a deviation in opinion, state why you think this might exist.

State their experiment's hypothesis. Answer the following questions:

• Do you feel their hypothesis is adequate in capturing the essence of what they're trying to discover?
• What improvements could you make to their hypothesis, if any?

Follow the steps given to recreate the original experiment. Answer the following questions:

• Are the instructions correct in successfully achieving the results?
• Is there room for improvement in the experiment instructions/description? What suggestions would you make?
• Would you make any alterations to the structure of the experiment to yield better results? What, and why?

Publish the data you have gained from your performing of the experiment here.

Answer the following:

• Does the data seem in-line with the published data from the original author?
• Can you explain any deviations?
• How about any sources of error?
• Is the stated hypothesis adequate?

Answer the following:

• What conclusions can you make based on performing the experiment?
• Do you feel the experiment was adequate in obtaining a further understanding of a concept?
• Does the original author appear to have gotten some value out of performing the experiment?
• Any suggestions or observations that could improve this particular process (in general, or specifically you, or specifically for the original author).

Perform the following steps:

Whose existing experiment are you going to retest? Provide the URL, note the author, and restate their question.

Evaluate their resources and commentary. Answer the following questions:

• Do you feel the given resources are adequate in providing sufficient background information?
• Are there additional resources you've found that you can add to the resources list?
• Does the original experimenter appear to have obtained a necessary fundamental understanding of the concepts leading up to their stated experiment?
• If you find a deviation in opinion, state why you think this might exist.

State their experiment's hypothesis. Answer the following questions:

• Do you feel their hypothesis is adequate in capturing the essence of what they're trying to discover?
• What improvements could you make to their hypothesis, if any?

Follow the steps given to recreate the original experiment. Answer the following questions:

• Are the instructions correct in successfully achieving the results?
• Is there room for improvement in the experiment instructions/description? What suggestions would you make?
• Would you make any alterations to the structure of the experiment to yield better results? What, and why?

Publish the data you have gained from your performing of the experiment here.

Answer the following:

• Does the data seem in-line with the published data from the original author?
• Can you explain any deviations?
• How about any sources of error?
• Is the stated hypothesis adequate?

Answer the following:

• What conclusions can you make based on performing the experiment?
• Do you feel the experiment was adequate in obtaining a further understanding of a concept?
• Does the original author appear to have gotten some value out of performing the experiment?
• Any suggestions or observations that could improve this particular process (in general, or specifically you, or specifically for the original author).

Perform the following steps:

Whose existing experiment are you going to retest? Provide the URL, note the author, and restate their question.

Evaluate their resources and commentary. Answer the following questions:

• Do you feel the given resources are adequate in providing sufficient background information?
• Are there additional resources you've found that you can add to the resources list?
• Does the original experimenter appear to have obtained a necessary fundamental understanding of the concepts leading up to their stated experiment?
• If you find a deviation in opinion, state why you think this might exist.

State their experiment's hypothesis. Answer the following questions:

• Do you feel their hypothesis is adequate in capturing the essence of what they're trying to discover?
• What improvements could you make to their hypothesis, if any?

Follow the steps given to recreate the original experiment. Answer the following questions:

• Are the instructions correct in successfully achieving the results?
• Is there room for improvement in the experiment instructions/description? What suggestions would you make?
• Would you make any alterations to the structure of the experiment to yield better results? What, and why?

Publish the data you have gained from your performing of the experiment here.

Answer the following:

• Does the data seem in-line with the published data from the original author?
• Can you explain any deviations?
• How about any sources of error?
• Is the stated hypothesis adequate?

Answer the following:

• What conclusions can you make based on performing the experiment?
• Do you feel the experiment was adequate in obtaining a further understanding of a concept?
• Does the original author appear to have gotten some value out of performing the experiment?
• Any suggestions or observations that could improve this particular process (in general, or specifically you, or specifically for the original author).