We discussed what is going to happen this semester and what to expect out of the class. We also set up our lab46 accounts and connected to the mailing list.

Notes/

  Bash-Shell environment
  Class Repo - src/cprog
  $mv *.c ~/src “Moves all programs ending in .c to the repository”
  $mkdir ~/src/cprog “makes directory cprog”
  $mv *.c ~/src/cprog “moves all .c programs in src to cprog”
  hg status
  hg add
  hg commit -m “adding code”\
  hg push
  hg update
  hg log
  cd src/cprog/

We created our Hello World program today and went over how to compile and run the program.

1

#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    fprintf(stdout,"Hello, World!\n");
    return(0);
}

We went over data types (char-basically for holding character strings,int-basically for holding numbers) today.

1

#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
        int a=5;
        int b=0x3d,c=073;
        int *d; // integer pointer
        char e,*f; // e is data, f character pointer.
        e='X'; // e is a single character
        d=&c;
        f=&e;
 
        printf("address of a is: %p\n",&a);
        printf("address of b is: %p\n",&b);
        printf("address of c is: %p\n",&c);
        printf("address of d is: %p\n",&d);
        printf("address of e is: %p\n",&e);
        printf("address of f is: %p\n",&f);
 
        printf("a contains: %d\n",a);
        printf("b contains: %d\n",b);
        printf("c contains: %d\n",c);
        printf("d contains: %p\n",d);
        printf("e contains: '%c'(%hhd)\n",e,e);
        printf("f contains: %p\n",f);
 
        printf("d dereferenced is: %d\n", *d);
        printf("f dereferenced is: '%c'(%hhd)\n",*f,*f);
 
        return(0);
}

My output address of a is: 0x7fffbf28456c
address of b is: 0x7fffbf284568
address of c is: 0x7fffbf284564
address of d is: 0x7fffbf284558
address of e is: 0x7fffbf284557
address of f is: 0x7fffbf284548
a contains: 5
b contains: 61
c contains: 59
d contains: 0x7fffbf284564
e contains: 'X'(88)
f contains: 0x7fffbf284557
d dereferenced is: 59
f dereferenced is: 'X'(88)

Afterwards we made minor changes to the program.

This week we started going over how to use the scanf function.

With this function we can ask someone to enter in some form of information and set what they entered to an int. Ex: int f;

  then ask for the scanf:  scanf("%d",&f);

Now the f int will have the property of what ever you entered into the scanf.

the code we wrote this week.

1

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
    int a;
    int b;
    int c;
    int d;
    float avg;
 
    printf("Enter score 1: ");
    scanf("%d",&a);
    printf("Enter score 2: ");
    scanf("%d",&b);
    printf("Enter score 3: ");
    scanf("%d",&c);
    printf("Enter score 4: ");
    scanf("%d",&d);
 
    avg=(float)(a+b+c+d)/4;
 
    printf("The average of %6.4d,%d,%d,%,d is %.2f\n",a,b,c,d,avg);
 
    return(0);
}

We then wrote a code that calls lets us change the base number we are calling and enter what we want to count to. The code then counts up to the base number and if it reaches 1 above the base number then it brings the first integer to 0 and adds 1 to the second integer
ex: base 3 counting to 4
01
02
it then makes the first integer 0 then adds 1 to second integer
10
11

1

#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX 4 // When ever the computer sees MAX it counts it as the number called
 
int main()
{
        int base,i,input,number[MAX];
        for(i=0;i<MAX;i++)
        {
                number[i]=0;
        }
        printf("What base?(2-10): ");
        scanf("%d",&base);
        printf("How much to count? ");
        scanf("%d",&input);
        for(i=0;i<input;i++)
        {
                printf("%d %d %d %d\n",number[0],number[1],number[2],number[3]);
                number[MAX-1]=number[MAX-1]+1;
                if(number[MAX-1]>(base-1))
                {
                        number[MAX-1]=0;
                        number[MAX-2]++;
                }
                if(number[MAX-2]>(base-1))
                {
                        number[MAX-2]=0;
                        number[MAX-3]++;
                }
                if(number[MAX-3]>(base-1))
                {
                        number[MAX-3]=0;
                        number[MAX-4]++;
                }
        }
        return(0);
}

Over the weekend we worked on adding more decimal places to our base number program.

2

if(number[MAX-1]>(base-1))
                {
                        number[MAX-1]=0;
                        number[MAX-2]++;
                }

Once I figured out how the program worked I understood that you just had to change the value of MAX at the top and then you add another if statement like this one but change the values you are subtracting by to change the decimal place.

Afterwards we also changed the code slightly so that we could enter a value in for MAX at a prompt instead of in the program. This way we could change the decimal places with 1 if statement instead of multiple ones.

1

#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX     6
 
int main()
{
        int base, i, input, j, number[MAX];
 
        for(i = 0; i < MAX; i++)
        {
                number[i] = 0;
        }
 
        printf("What base? (2-10): ");
        scanf("%d", &base);
 
        printf("How much to count? ");
        scanf("%d", &input);
 
        for(i = 0; i < input; i++)
        {
                for (j = 0; j < MAX; j++)
                        printf("%d ", number[j]);
                printf("%d\n");
 
                number[MAX-1] = number[MAX-1] + 1;
 
                for (j = 1; j < MAX; j++)
                {
                        if (number[MAX-j] > (base-1))
                        {
                                number[MAX-j] = 0;
                                number[MAX-(j+1)] = number[MAX-(j+1)] + 1;
                        }
                }
        }
        return(0);
}

I also finished working on the square of a two digit number ending with 5 project we were given this week and uploaded it.

This week we started going over data types and the byte sizes. We wrote a program for this Data types: -char -long int -long long int -short int

1

#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    printf("A char is %ld bytes.\n", sizeof(char)); // sizeof outputs the size of the data type
    printf("A short int is %ld bytes.\n", sizeof(short int)); // 
    printf("A int is %ld bytes.\n", sizeof(int)); // int and long int are similar sizes.
    printf("A long int is %ld bytes.\n", sizeof(long int)); // %ld works with both long and short ints.
    printf("A long long in is %ld bytes.\n", sizeof(long long int));
 
    return(0);
}

LOGIC in C & - bitwise AND

This week we were given the pipemath project, I was given the number 2 the math operator powerof and base of 5.

I used a code similar to the basenum program we wrote earlier in the class.

1

int base=5,i,input,value[NUM];
        for(i=0;i<NUM;i++)
        {
                value[i]=0;
        }
        fscanf(stdin,"%d",&input);
        for(i=0;i<input;i++)
        {
                value[NUM-1]=value[NUM-1]+1;
                if(value[NUM-1]>(base-1))
                {
                        value[NUM-1]=0;
                        value[NUM-2]++;
                }

We also started working on our funwithfunctions program this week we started working with functions. The math term for a function if something like f(x)=y.

1

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
 
int sum(int * ,int ); // <-function protoype // parameters go inbetween () information to help the program run.
float average(int,int);// float-return type //
int main()
{
        int highest(int *,int);
        int lowest(int *,int);
        int num=4;
        int scores[num];
        int i,total=0;
        int high,low;
        float avg;
        for(i=0;i<num;i++)
        {
                printf("Enter score%d: ",i);
                scanf("%d",&scores[i]);
        }
        total=sum(scores,num); // adds the scores of the numbers together and sets it equal to total
        avg=average(total,num); // takes the sum of the numbers which is equal to sum now and divides it by the number
        high=highest(scores,num);
        low=lowest(scores,num);
        printf("The total is: %d\n",total);
        printf("The average is: %f\n",avg);
        printf("The highest is: %d\n",high);
        printf("The lowest is: %d\n",low);
        return(0);
}
 
int sum(int *arr,int n)
{
        int i,num=0;
        for(i=0; i<n; i++)
        {
                num=num+arr[i];
        }
        return(num);
}

This week we took a tangent instead of finishing our function program we decided to work with some of c programmings graphics tools (SDL)

1

#include <SDL/SDL.h>
 
int main()
{
        int i,j,quit=0;
        SDL_Surface *screen;
        SDL_Surface *box;
        SDL_Surface *box2;
        SDL_Surface *background;
        SDL_Event event;
        SDL_Rect offset;
        SDL_Rect offset2;
        SDL_Init(SDL_INIT_EVERYTHING); // creates a surface for the image
        screen=SDL_SetVideoMode(640,480,32,SDL_SWSURFACE);
        background=IMG_Load("background.bmp"); //renders the image
        box=IMG_Load("box.bmp");//loads the image saved in this file and attaches it to box
        box2=IMG_Load("box2.bmp");
        offset2.x=0; // sets offset2 starting position to (0,0)
        offset2.y=0;
        while(quit==0)
        {
                SDL_BlitSurface(background, NULL, screen, NULL);
                if(SDL_PollEvent(&event))
                {
                        if(event.type==SDL_KEYDOWN) // . is a structure??
                        {
                                switch(event.key.keysym.sym)
                                {
                                        case SDLK_ESCAPE: // escape key is being set to quit the program
                                                quit=1;
                                                break;
                                        case SDLK_RETURN:
                                                offset.x=320;
                                                offset.y=240;
                                                offset.w=box->w;
                                                offset.h=box->h;
                                                break;
                                        case SDLK_UP:// up key can be replaced by lower case w capital W means you have to hold shift down every time you hit w.
                                                offset.y=offset.y-10;
                                                break; // with programming screens 0,0 is the top right corner of the screen not center like math class.
                                        case SDLK_DOWN:
                                                offset.y=offset.y+10;
                                                break;
                                        case SDLK_RIGHT:
                                                offset.x=offset.x+10;
                                                break;
                                        case SDLK_LEFT:
                                                offset.x=offset.x-10;
                                                break;
                                }
                        }
                        else if(event.type == SDL_QUIT)
                                quit = 1;
                }
                if(offset2.x <= 0)
                i=10;
                else if(offset2.x >=640)
                i=-10;
                if(offset2.y <= 0)
                j=10;
                else if(offset2.y  >=480)
                j=-10;
                offset2.x +=i; //offset2 is a box that moves on its own bouncing around on the walls.
                offset2.y +=j;
                SDL_BlitSurface(box2,NULL,screen,&offset2);
                SDL_BlitSurface(box,NULL,screen,&offset);
                SDL_Flip(screen);
                SDL_Delay(10);
        }
        return(0);
}

This was a fun program I learned a lot about how images work and signed up for a class next semester that goes into this further and expands your knowledge of c/c++ programming.

After looking at this program you could make the basics of a pong game with this. Its an interesting concept and look into the background of these kinds of programs.

BREAK WEEK!! Worked on project when I had time.

This week we talked about malloc and structs. Took this description of malloc from class notes since it made a lot of sense to me.

scores=(int*)malloc(sizeof(int)*num); 
/*sizeof returns thesize of an int and multiply's it by 
the number of ints aka num,(num=4 in this case), then 
malloc allocates the specified amount of memory. In this 
case, it will take 4 bytes times 4 bytes giving 16 bytes, 
which is just enough to store 4 integers.*/ 
*(scores+0) 
/*dereferences what's at the scores address and if you add 
you can dereference the things at the address shifted up 
from the starting adress.*/

We talked about structs and how they work with databases and things. Bellow we got this program from Matt through grabit command to show us a struct program he had on file from a while ago.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
 
int main()
{
	int i;
	char entry[80], entries = 4, junk;
 
	struct person {
		char name[80];
		int age;
		float height;
	};
 
	do {
		printf("How many people in your database? ");
		scanf("%d", &entries);
	} while (entries <= 0);
 
	struct person people[entries];
 
	for(i=0; i<entries; i++)
	{
		printf("Person %d of %d:\n", (i+1), entries);
		printf("==============\n");
 
		// prompt for name (string)
		printf("Please enter the person's first name: ");
 
		scanf("%s", people[i].name);
//		fgets(entry, sizeof(entry), stdin);
//		strcpy(people[i].name, entry);
 
		// prompt for age (integer)
		printf("Please enter %s's age: ", people[i].name);
		scanf("%d", &people[i].age);
 
		// prompt for height (float)
		printf("Please enter %s's height: ", people[i].name);
		scanf("%f", &people[i].height);
 
		// Get newline out of the input stream
		junk = fgetc(stdin);
//		fgets(junk, sizeof(junk), stdin);
	}
 
	printf("\n\nThe names of the people are:\n");
	for(i=0; i<entries; i++)
	{
		printf("#%d: %s\t", (i+1), people[i].name);
	}
	printf("\n\n");
 
	printf("The full bios of the people are:\n");
	for(i=0; i<entries; i++)
	{
		printf("#%d: %s, age: %d, height: %f\n", (i+1), people[i].name, people[i].age, people[i].height);
	}
 
	return(0);
}

Node is another term meaning structure, they can be used together: structure node. Structure pointers look like this →, instead of a *.

Actions that can be done to a file: Open,Read,Write,Append,Close,Create,Remove/Delete,Seek

A program we created going over the basics of file usage

1

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
 
int main()
{
        char c;
        int i;
        int count=0;
        FILE*fptr;
        fptr=fopen("datafile.txt","r"); // allows us to interact with this file
        if(fptr==NULL)
        {
                fprintf(stdout,"Error opening file!\n"); 
                exit(1);
        }
        while((c=fgetc(fptr))!=EOF) // allows us to call information from the file and prints it out for us
        {
        fprintf(stdout,"%c",c);
        }
        fclose(fptr);
        return(0);
}

fprintf(stdout“”); creates three file pointers -file Stdin, stdout,stdir

Started C++ programming this week (Object Oriented Programming) It is 90% similar to regular C most regular C programs will run in C++ also.

Three major points of Object Oriented Programming:

• Polymorphism
• Inheritance
• Encapsulation

The biggest difference between C programming and C++:
C++ is able to use functions with its structures which are called classes instead.

Our introduction to classes (private and public)

1

#include <stdio.h>
 
class rectangle
{
        public: // member functions
 
                int area();
                int perimeter();
                rectangle(); // constructor
                rectangle(int,int); // ~rectangle(); is a destructor
 
        private: // member variables
 
                int length;
                int width;
};
// defining our classes area,perimeter and our constructors
int rectangle::area() //area is a member of the rectangle class due to ::
{
        return((length*width));
}
 
int rectangle::perimeter()
{
        return((2*width)+(2*length));
}
rectangle::rectangle()
{
        length=0;
        width=0;
}
rectangle::rectangle(int length,int width)
{
        this->length=length; //this is used to define itself
        this->width=width;
}
int main()
{
        int area,perimeter;
        area=0;
        perimeter=0;
        rectangle rect1;
        rectangle *rect2;
        rect2=new rectangle(4,10); // rect2 is a new rectangle enter length of 4 width of 10
        //rect1.length=6; does not work since length is a private class.
        area=rect1.area(); // rect1 is not a pointer . is used for structure
        perimeter=rect1.perimeter();
        printf("The rect1's area is: %d\n", area);
        printf("The rect1's perimeter is: %d\n", perimeter);
        area=rect2->area();
        perimeter=rect2->perimeter();
        printf("The rect2's area is: %d\n", area);
        printf("The rect2's perimeter is: %d\n", perimeter);
 
        return(0);
}

Since area and perimeter were private variables we couldn't make changes to them in rect1 so we made some changes next class to allow us to make changes to it.

Three different types of classes Public-usable by all parts of the program protected-Usable by all parts of the program until said otherwise private- only usable in this program for other private parts

1

#include <stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
 
class rectangle
{
        public: // member functions
 
                int area();
                int perimeter();
                rectangle(); // constructor
                rectangle(int,int); // ~rectangle(); is a destructor
                int getlength(); // accessor methods
                void setlength(int);
                int getwidth();
                void setwidth(int); // end accessor methods
 
        private: // member variables
 
                int length;
                int width;
};
// defining our classes area,perimeter and our constructors
 
int rectangle::area() //area is a member of the rectangle class due to ::
{
        return((length*width));
}
 
int rectangle::perimeter()
{
        return((2*width)+(2*length));
}
 
rectangle::rectangle()
{
        length=0;
        width=0;
}
 
rectangle::rectangle(int length,int width)
{
        this->length=length; //this is used to define itself
        this->width=width;
}
 
int rectangle::getlength()
{
        return(length);
}
 
void rectangle::setlength(int length)
{
        this->length=length;
}
 
int rectangle::getwidth()
{
        return(width);
}
 
void rectangle::setwidth(int width)
{
        this->width=width;
}
 
int main()
{
        int area,perimeter;
        area=0;
        perimeter=0;
        rectangle rect1;
        rectangle *rect2;
        rect2=new rectangle(4,10); // rect2 is a new rectangle enter length of 4 width of 10
        rect1.setlength(6);
        rect1.setwidth(7);
        area=rect1.area(); // rect1 is not a pointer . is used for structure
        perimeter=rect1.perimeter();
        printf("The rect1's area is: %d\n", area);
        printf("The rect1's perimeter is: %d\n", perimeter);
        area=rect2->area();
        perimeter=rect2->perimeter();
        printf("The rect2's area is: %d\n", area);
        printf("The rect2's perimeter is: %d\n", perimeter);
        return(0);
}

We discussed inheritance this week children and parent classes.

We created multiple codes today that we archived together in a library

Programs we created. Node.h

1

#ifndef _NODE_H // checks for the existence of a symbol if it does exist skip s$
#define _NODE_H // defines _NODE_H
#include <cstdlib> // same thing as <stdlib.h>
 
class Node
{
        public:
 
                Node();
                Node(int);
                void setvalue(int);
                int getvalue();
        private:
 
                int value;
};
#endif // closes the ifndef

Create.cc

1

#include "node.h"
 
Node::Node()
{
        value=0;
}
 
Node::Node(int value)
{
        this->value=value;
}

Value.cc

1

include "node.h"
 
void Node::setvalue(int value) // lets us access the private value from node.h
{
        this->value=value;
}
int Node::getvalue()
{
        return(this->value);// this-> isnt required here but makes the program $
}

Singlylinkednode.h

1

#ifndef _SINGLY_H
#define _SINGLY_H
#include "node.h"
 
class Singlylinkednode:public Node // Singlylinkednode is a inherant to the par$
{
        public:
                Singlylinkednode();
                Singlylinkednode(int);
                Singlylinkednode*getNext(); //getnext returns a Singlylinkednod$
                void setNext(Singlylinkednode *);
        private:
                Singlylinkednode*next; // references Singlylinkednode to itself
};
#endif

Next we is the Create.cc for Singlylinkednode

1

#include "Singlylinkednode.h"
 
Singlylinkednode::Singlylinkednode()
{
        this->setvalue(0);
        this->next=NULL; // can't set pointers equal to 0 you set them equal to$
}
Singlylinkednode::Singlylinkednode(int value)
{
        this->setvalue(value); // since this is a child class it can't directly$
        this->next=NULL;
}

next.cc

1

#include "Singlylinkednode.h"
 
Singlylinkednode*Singlylinkednode::getNext()
{
        return(this->next);
}
void Singlylinkednode::setNext(Singlylinkednode*next)
{
        this->next=next;
}

Afterwards we created object files from these with g++ -c create.cc g++ -c value.cc g++ -c next.cc Next we created the archive with ar rcs libnode.a create.o value.o ar rcs libsinglylinkedlist.a create.o next.o ====week of 11/18, 2014==== We created the program to allow us to run last weeks programs we created. We also discussed nodes and how they can be interacted with and how they store data. <code c 1> #include <cstdio> #include “SinglyLinkedNode.h” int main() { int i; SinglyLinkedNode *start=NULL; SinglyLinkedNode *tmp=NULL; SinglyLinkedNode *tmp2=NULL; setting up List of Singly Linked Nodes

  start=new SinglyLinkedNode(7);
  start->setNext(new SinglyLinkedNode(39));
  tmp=start->getNext();

  //inserting a new node
  tmp2=new SinglyLinkedNode(73);
  tmp2->setNext(start->getNext());
  start->setNext(tmp2);

  //setting tmp to point to starting node
  tmp=start;

  //print out our list with a loop
  while (tmp!=NULL)
  {
      printf("%d->", tmp->getValue());
      tmp=tmp->getNext();
  }
  printf("NULL\n");
  return (0);

} </code>

Programming with nodes is dynamic you can make add or remove nodes as need be if you find you have to many you can remove some and use only the ones that are required. You can also break a link and add a new node in between two.

After everything is written and done with we compile with

g++ -o nodefun nodefun.cc -I inc -L SinglyLinkedNode -l SinglyLinkedNode -L node -l node

Afterwards we learned about GD and wrote a few programs with shapes and images. we created a star in class.

Thanks giving break

Learned a little more about GD this week then got our EOCE and started working on that

Worked on EOCE for the remainder of the semester