This is a sample format for a dated entry. Please substitute the actual date for “Month Day, Year”, and duplicate the level 4 heading to make additional entries.

As an aid, feel free to use the following questions to help you generate content for your entries:

• What action or concept of significance, as related to the course, did you experience on this date?
• Why was this significant?
• What concepts are you dealing with that may not make perfect sense?
• What challenges are you facing with respect to the course?

Remember that 4 is just the minimum number of entries. Feel free to have more.

stdin (Standard Input): Accepts user input from keyboard typically, but can also be from mouse, joystick, etc.

stdout (Standard Output): Displays/Prints (data type) information to the terminal or screen.

stderr (Standard Error): Mainly used for printing/displaying error messages indicating something went wrong.

#include "standard.h"
/* My Custom Header File takes care of the usual header files i use for my programs  which will be included in the next keyword*/
 
int main()
{
	char input[16];
	char p[2];
	int i,j;
	char num[10];
	for(i=0;i<(sizeof(input));i++)
	{
		input[i] = 0;
	}
	printf("Enter a character: ");
	scanf("%s", *&input);
	char n[2];
	for(i=0;i<10;i++)
	{
		num[i] = i + 48;
	}
	for(i=0;i<sizeof(input);i++)
	{
		strcpy(&p[0], &input[i]);
		for(j=0;j<10;j++)
		{
			strcpy(&n[0], &num[j]);
			if(strcmp(&p[0], &n[0]) == 0)
			{
				fprintf(stderr, "%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Input has exceeded its size!\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
				return -1;
			}
		//	if((input[i] < 48) || (input[i] > 57))
		//	{
		//		fprintf(stderr, "%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Input is not a number!\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
		//		return -1;
		//	}
 
		}
	}
	for(i=0;i<(sizeof(input));i++)
	{
		printf("0x%x(%d) ",input[i], input[i]);
	}
	printf("\n");
	return 0;
}	

And when ran outputs this as an example, F5 was pressed as input

andoryuu@andoryuu-laptop:~/src/lab46/cprog$ ./stdio 
Enter a character: ^[[15~
0x1b(27) 0x5b(91) 0x31(49) 0x35(53) 0x7e(126) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 
andoryuu@andoryuu-laptop:~/src/lab46/cprog$ 

Header Files are needed so code can be easily included in ones program, so one doesn't have to keep retyping the same code over and over again to get their program to work.

Local Header File Include

#include "standard.h"

System Header File Include

#include <stdio.h>

Local Header File example: standard.h

// Standard include files
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <strings.h>
#include <string.h>
 
//Boolean Logic
#define FALSE       1
#define TRUE        (!FALSE)
 
//Text Attributes
#define AAOFF       0
#define BOLD        1
#define UNDERSC     4
#define BLINK       5
#define RVSEVID     7
#define CONCEAL     8
 
//Foreground Colors
#define BLACK       30
#define RED         31
#define GREEN       32
#define YELLOW      33
#define BLUE        34
#define MAGENTA     35
#define CYAN        36
#define WHITE       37
 
//Background Colors
#define BG_BLACK    40
#define BG_RED      41
#define BG_GREEN    42
#define BG_YELLOW   43
#define BG_BLUE     44
#define BG_MAGENTA  45
#define BG_CYAN     46
#define BG_WHITE    47

typedef: declare new datatype including struct, union, and enum if needed.

enum: enumerate words to a certain value

union: “merge” data types into a unique new one

typedef example

typedef union num
{
        double d;
        int i;
} num;

enum example

enum fgcolor {
	BLACK = 30,
	RED,
	GREEN,
	YELLOW,
	BLUE,
	MAGENTA,
	CYAN,
	WHITE
} fg;
 
enum bgcolor {
	BG_BLACK = 40,
	BG_RED,
	BG_GREEN,
	BG_YELLOW,
	BG_BLUE,
	BG_MAGENTA,
	BG_CYAN,
	BG_WHITE
} bg;

union example

typedef union num
{
        double d;
        int i;
} num;

Source:

#include "dll.h"
#include "standard.h"
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <curses.h>
#include <termios.h>
#include <string.h>
#define ESC     0x1B
#define F1      0x70
#define F2      0x71
#define F3      0x72
#define F4      0x73
#define F5      0x74
#define F6      0x75
 
Node *start, *end, *tmp, *tmp2;
int i = 0, input3, input4, onep;
int menu;
 
int getkey()
{
    int character;
    struct termios orig_term_attr;
    struct termios new_term_attr;
 
    tcgetattr(fileno(stdin), &orig_term_attr);
    memcpy(&new_term_attr, &orig_term_attr, sizeof(struct termios));
    new_term_attr.c_lflag &= ~(ECHO|ICANON);
    new_term_attr.c_cc[VTIME] = 0;
    new_term_attr.c_cc[VMIN] = 0;
    tcsetattr(fileno(stdin), TCSANOW, &new_term_attr);
 
    character = fgetc(stdin);
 
    tcsetattr(fileno(stdin), TCSANOW, &orig_term_attr);
 
    return character;
}
 
int main()
{
    printf("1. New Doubly Linked List\n");
    printf("2. Insert Node into Linked List\n");
    printf("3. Remove Node from Linked List\n");
    printf("4. Display contents of Linked List\n");
    printf("5. Inverted Display of Linked List\n");
    printf("6. Quit\n");
    for(;;)
    {
        menu = getkey();
        if(menu == 0x31)
        {
            printf("You pressed 0x%x\n!", menu);
            printf("Enter a value (-1 to quit): ");
            scanf("%d", &input3);
            while(input3 != -1)
            {
                if(start == NULL)
                {
                    snode(input3);
                }
                else
                {
                    anode(input3);
                }
                printf("Enter a value (-1 to quit): ");
                scanf("%d", &input3);
            }
            display();
        }
 
        if(menu == 0x32)
        {
            printf("Enter a new node to insert data into: ");
            scanf("%d", &input3);
            printf("Enter a value: ");
            scanf("%d", &input4);
            insertnode(input3, input4);
            display();
        }
 
        if(menu == 0x33)
        {
        {
            printf("Enter a node to delete: ");
            scanf("%d", &input3);
            delnode(input3);
            display();
        }
 
        if(menu == 0x34)
        {
            display();
        }
 
        if(menu == 0x35)
        {
            invertdisplay();
        }
 
        if(menu == 0x36)
        {
            exit(0);
            break;
        }
        if(menu == 0x1B)
        {
            break;
        }
        else
        {
            // just chill
        }
 
    }
    return 0;
}

Object:

lab46:~/src/data$ gcc -c dllmain.c
lab46:~/src/data$ ls
Makefile  cli.c        dll.h      doubly        filesandargs.c  fork2      fscanf.c        libdlinklist.o  linkedlists    mtest          rank1  rank4                 screentest    size.c
blah      dlinklist.h  dllmain.c  doubly.c      fork            fork2.c    getopt.c        libdll.a        linkedlists.c  mtest.c        rank2  revisedlinkedlists    screentest.c  standard.h
cli       dll          dllmain.o  filesandargs  fork.c          fprintf.c  libdlinklist.c  libdll.so       mod-doubly.c   passwdcombo.c  rank3  revisedlinkedlists.c  size          stringmanip.c
lab46:~/src/data$ 

Binary:

lab46:~/src/data$ ./dll
1. New Doubly Linked List
2. Insert Node into Linked List
3. Remove Node from Linked List
4. Display contents of Linked List
5. Inverted Display of Linked List
6. Quit
You pressed 0x31
!Enter a value (-1 to quit): 2
Enter a value (-1 to quit): 4
Enter a value (-1 to quit): 6
Enter a value (-1 to quit): -1
node[0]: 2
node[1]: 4
node[2]: 6
lab46:~/src/data$ 

CLA: is a program that prior to runtime needs to have additional parameters appending it to do certain things with each flag typically

My first attempt at a password cracker though it pretty much failed the first attempt

andoryuu@andoryuu-laptop:~/src/passwordcracker$ ./a.out 
Syntax: ./a.out [password size] [debug flag] 0
andoryuu@andoryuu-laptop:~/src/passwordcracker$ ./a.out 10 0 0
          
andoryuu@andoryuu-laptop:~/src/passwordcracker$ 
andoryuu@andoryuu-laptop:~/src/passwordcracker$ ./a.out 10 1 0
char[0]:  
char[1]:  
char[2]:  
char[3]:  
char[4]:  
char[5]:  
char[6]:  
char[7]:  
char[8]:  
char[9]:  
          
andoryuu@andoryuu-laptop:~/src/passwordcracker$ 

arrays: usually involves a int/char/float/double datatype[10] as an example which is defined to hold 10 characters or 10 valid values

        for(i=0;i<10;i++)
        {
                num[i] = i + 48;
        }
        for(i=0;i<sizeof(input);i++)
        {
                strcpy(&p[0], &input[i]);
                for(j=0;j<10;j++)
                {
                        strcpy(&n[0], &num[j]);
                        if(strcmp(&p[0], &n[0]) == 0)
                        {
                                fprintf(stderr, "%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Input has exceeded its size!\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
                                return -1;
                        }
                //      if((input[i] < 48) || (input[i] > 57))
                //      {
                //              fprintf(stderr, "%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Input is not a number!\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
                //              return -1;
                //      }
 
                }
        }
        for(i=0;i<(sizeof(input));i++)
        {
                printf("0x%x(%d) ",input[i], input[i]);
        }
        printf("\n");

multidimensional arrays: usually used for like matrix multiplication or anything else that harnesses 2 dimensional or greater dimensional arrays

int M,N,P;
int i, j, k;
int verbose;
int **matrix1, **matrix2, **matrix3;
int m1rows, m1cols, m2rows, m2cols, m3rows, m3cols;
int sum;
int portnum;

/*****************************************************************/


    /* Generating Matrix 2  */
    printf("[SERVER-SIDE]: Generating Matrix2...\n");

    matrix2 = malloc(m2rows * sizeof(*matrix2[i]));
    for(i=0;i<m2rows;i++)
    {
        matrix2[i] = malloc(m2cols *sizeof(*matrix2[i]));
    }

    /* Create random data for Matrix 1 and Matrix 2 */
    printf("[SERVER-SIDE]: Creating random data for matrix 1 and matrix 2...\n");

    srand(time(NULL));

    for(i=0;i<m1rows;i++){
        for(j=0;j<m1cols;j++){
            matrix1[i][j]=rand()%99+1;
        }
    }

    for(i=0;i<m2rows;i++){
        for(j=0;j<m2cols;j++){
            matrix2[i][j]=rand()%99+1;
        }
    }

Read file: read the contents or a file and either print it to stdout, save it to another file, send it to server/client socket connection, or it is read for variables it contains for the program to run, change variables from file read at runtime

lab46:~/src/sysprog$ ./confviewer confviewer.c 
#include <stdio.h>
#include <strings.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[ ])
{
	char *filename;
	strcpy(filename, argv[1]);
	FILE *file = fopen(filename, "a+");
	if(file != NULL)
	{
		char line[256];
		line[sizeof(file)];
		while(fgets(line,sizeof(line), file) != NULL)
		{
			fputs(line, stdout);
		}
		fclose(file);
	}
	else
	{
		perror(filename);
	}
	return 0;
}
lab46:~/src/sysprog$ 

Write file: write contents to a file from stdin, from another file, a server/client connection, etc.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
 
int main(int argc, char *argv[ ])
{
    FILE *fp;
    size_t bytes;
    char contents[256];
 
    fp = fopen(argv[1], "a+");
    if(fp == NULL)
    {
        printf("%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm File %s could not be opened.\n", 0x1B, 1, 31, 0x1B, 0, argv[1]);
        return -1;
    }
    scanf("%s", &contents);
    bytes = fwrite(contents, 1, strlen(contents), fp);
    bytes += fwrite("\n", 1, strlen("\n"), fp);
    printf("Wrote %zu bytes total.\n", bytes);
    fclose(fp);
    return 0;
}

lab46:~/src/sysprog$ ./fwrite test
Doom
Wrote 5 bytes total.
lab46:~/src/sysprog$ cat test
Doom
lab46:~/src/sysprog$ 

Append file: adds data to the bottom of the file

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <strings.h>
struct data {
    char c[1024];
    struct data *next;
};
typedef struct data Data;
Data *data2;
 
int main(int argc, char *argv[ ])
{
    FILE *fp;
    int i;
    data2 = (Data *) malloc(sizeof(Data));
    fp = fopen(argv[1], "a+");
    if(fp == NULL)
    {
        printf("%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm File %s could not be opened.\n", 0x1B, 1, 31, 0x1B, 0, argv[1]);
        return -1;
    }
 
    while(strcmp(data2->c,"EOF\n") != 0)
    {
        scanf("%s", data2->c);
        strcat(data2->c, "\n");
        if(strcmp(data2->c, "EOF\n") != 0)
        {
            fprintf(fp, "%s", data2->c);
        }
        else
        {
            // Send EOF to the void and do not copy it to file
        }
    }
    free(data2);
    fclose(fp);
    return 0;
}

lab46:~/src/sysprog$ ./fwrite dood2
3mz 4abc 6y87fd87f6d8bg  7bf86v876
EOF
lab46:~/src/sysprog$ cat dood2
g
g
g
3mz
4abc
6y87fd87f6d8bg
7bf86v876
lab46:~/src/sysprog$ 

Typecasting: the usage of typecasting is to make a variable of one type, act like another type for one single operation.

float a;
a = (float)5 / 3; 

Recursion: A function that calls itself in its own code block.

void recursion()
{
        // Do something here
        recursion();
}

Repetition/Iteration Structures: used when something needs to be done x amount of times.

for loop:

    for(i=0;i<(numthreads);i++)
    {
        thread_args[i] = i;
        printf("In Main: creating thread %d\n", i);
        rc = pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, &taskcode, NULL);
        assert( 0 == rc);
    }

while loop:

    while(tmp != NULL)
    {
        printf("node[%d]: %d\n", i, tmp -> value.sint);
        i++;
        tmp = tmp -> next;
    }

Structures: makes several things easier to manage code wise.

struct

struct node {
    union {
        int sint;
        char *schar;
    } value;
    struct node *next;
    struct node *prev;
};
typedef struct node Node;

doubly linked lists:

    // Build our list
    while(input != -1)
    {
        if(start == NULL) //empty list
        {
            start = (Node *) malloc (sizeof(Node));
            end = start; // only one node, start and end are same
            start -> next = NULL; // nothing after
            start -> prev = NULL; // nothing before
            tmp = start; // tmp points to beginning of list
            start -> value = input; // enter v alue into node
        }
        else // There is already a list started
        {
            tmp = (Node *) malloc (sizeof(Node));
            end -> next = tmp; // tack new node onto end of list
            tmp -> prev = end; // new node points to current end
            end = end -> next; // advance end to new end
            end -> value = input; // put input in node
            end -> next = NULL; // nothing beyond end
        }
        printf("Enter a value (-1 to quit): ");
        scanf("%d", &input);
 
    }

linked lists:

void newll()
{
    start = tmp = NULL;
 
    printf("Enter a value (-1 to quit): ");
    scanf("%d", &input);
    input = (int)input;
    printf("%d\n",input);
    do {
        if(input == -1)
            break;
 
        if(start == NULL)
        {
            start = (Node *) malloc (sizeof(Node));
            start -> value = input;
            start -> next = NULL;
            tmp = start;
        }
 
        else
        {
            tmp -> next = (Node *) malloc (sizeof(Node));
            tmp -> next -> value = input;
            tmp -> next -> next = NULL;
            tmp = tmp -> next;
        }
        printf("Enter a value (-1 to quit): ");
        scanf("%d", &input);
 
    } while ((input != -1) || (isalpha(input) != 0));
}

Graphs (2 Dimensional Linked Lists): They are a grid like structure of nodes made with structs that hold data can be a unique data type or a custom one, can also be used in graphics for a 2D map for a game like environment.

Structure for Graph

struct node {
	union {
		int n;
		char c;
		double d;
	} val;
	struct node *east;
	struct node *west;
	struct node *north;
	struct node *south;
};

Memory Allocation: defining a certain amount of memory for a data type/struct to use from the system to do a particular task usually done with malloc();

            start = (Node *) malloc (sizeof(Node));

Memory De-Allocation: usually done after a task is done in a program too free up memory and give it back to the system usually uses free() in c

        else
        {
            // Send EOF to the void and do not copy it to file
        }
    }
    free(data2);
    fclose(fp);
    return 0;

Void Pointers: cannot be dereferenced, normally used for function prototypes, no initial size defined prior usually

struct t {
char *s;
};
...
struct t x;
...
x = malloc(sizeof *x);

Pointers (arrays): a pointer linking to an array of characters/integers/floats or any other data types

  int *array[3];
  int x = 10, y = 20, z = 30;
  int i;
  array[0] = &x;
  array[1] = &y;
  array[2] = &z;
  for (i=0; i< 3; i++) 
  {
        printf("The value of %d= %d ,address is %u\t \n", i, *(array[i]), array[i]);
  }

Pointers to Pointers: direct pointers to another pointer and usually to either another pointer or a value to modify

        else
        {
            tmp -> next = (Node *) malloc (sizeof(Node));
            tmp -> next -> value = input;
            tmp -> next -> next = NULL;
            tmp = tmp -> next;
        }

NULL Pointers: to Null out a pointer to make it point to NULL value which could eventually be reassigned to a node/struct later, to disassociate it from the other struct(s), also used in the steps to freeup a node from being pointed to

        if(start == NULL)
        {
            start = (Node *) malloc (sizeof(Node));
            start -> value = input;
            start -> next = NULL;
            tmp = start;
        }

To find out the memory address associated to a pointer

printf("The value of %d= %d ,address is %u\t \n", i, *(array[i]), array[i]);

Structures: They make creating your own “data types” a lot easier for example:

struct node {
    int value;
    struct node *next;
    struct node *prev;
};
 
typedef struct node Node;

Structure Pointer: a struct created and in order to alter its variables that go with it you have to point to its corresponding value name then set it to whatever you want it to be eitehr from stdin, a file, or a socket connection

start -> value = input;

Zombie Process: Is a process that has forked or the like and its child process just stays running and shows up as <defunct> Z

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
 
int main ()
{
  pid_t child_pid;
 
  child_pid = fork ();
  if (child_pid > 0) {
    sleep (60);
  }
  else {
    exit (0);
  }
  return 0;
}

Threads: They are helpful for getting other functions done when others to to continue to run

#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <unistd.h>
 
int tid;
int numthreads;
pthread_t threads[2];
int thread_args[2];
int rc;
 
void *taskcode(void *);
 
int i;
 
int main()
{
    numthreads = 2;
    for(i=0;i<(numthreads);i++)
    {
        thread_args[i] = i;
        printf("In Main: creating thread %d\n", i);
        rc = pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, &taskcode, NULL);
        assert( 0 == rc);
    }
 
    for(i=0;i<(numthreads);i++)
    {
        rc = pthread_join(threads[i], NULL);
        assert(0 == rc);
    }
 
    exit(0);
}
 
void *taskcode(void *argument)
{
    printf("Hello World! It's me, thread 0x%x!\n", &argument);
}
                                                                                                   1,1           A

lab46:~/src/sysprog$ ./threads 
In Main: creating thread 0
In Main: creating thread 1
Hello World! It's me, thread 0x8f2f7ed8!
Hello World! It's me, thread 0x8eaf6ed8!

Multi-threading: Takes advantage of multicore systems to get several tasks done a lot faster than with just a single-core system.

#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <unistd.h>
 
int tid;
int numthreads;
pthread_t threads[200];
int thread_args[200];
int rc;
 
void *taskcode(void *);
 
int i;
 
int main()
{
    numthreads = 200;
    for(i=0;i<(numthreads);i++)
    {
        thread_args[i] = i;
        printf("In Main: creating thread %d\n", i);
        rc = pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, &taskcode, NULL);
        assert( 0 == rc);
    }
 
    for(i=0;i<(numthreads);i++)
    {
        rc = pthread_join(threads[i], NULL);
        assert(0 == rc);
    }
 
    exit(0);
}
 
void *taskcode(void *argument)
{
    printf("Hello World! It's me, thread 0x%x!\n", &argument);
}

The code above after execution

lab46:~/src/sysprog$ ./multithreaded 
In Main: creating thread 0
In Main: creating thread 1
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xfd8e3ed8!
In Main: creating thread 2
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xfd0e2ed8!
In Main: creating thread 3
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xfc8e1ed8!
In Main: creating thread 4
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xfc0e0ed8!
In Main: creating thread 5
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xfb8dfed8!
In Main: creating thread 6
In Main: creating thread 7
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xfa8dded8!
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xfb0deed8!
In Main: creating thread 8
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xfa0dced8!
In Main: creating thread 9
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xf98dbed8!
In Main: creating thread 10
In Main: creating thread 11
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xf88d9ed8!
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xf90daed8!
In Main: creating thread 12
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xf80d8ed8!
In Main: creating thread 13
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xf78d7ed8!
In Main: creating thread 14
In Main: creating thread 15
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xf68d5ed8!
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xf70d6ed8!
In Main: creating thread 16
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xf60d4ed8!
In Main: creating thread 17
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xf58d3ed8!
In Main: creating thread 18
In Main: creating thread 19
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xf48d1ed8!
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xf50d2ed8!
In Main: creating thread 20
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xf40d0ed8!
In Main: creating thread 21
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xf38cfed8!
In Main: creating thread 22
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lab46:~/src/sysprog$ 

Server Sockets: are the host connection program used for several different services like apache2, ssh, or anything that really uses server sockets

int create_sock(int portnum, int backlog)
{
        server = (SN *) malloc(sizeof(SN));
        server->sock_id = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
        if(server->sock_id == -1)
        {
                printf("%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Could not create socket!!!\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
                return -1;
        }
 
        bzero((void *)&saddr, sizeof(server->saddr));
        gethostname(server->hostname, 256);
        server->hp = gethostbyname(server->hostname);
 
        bcopy((void *)hp->h_addr,(void *)&saddr.sin_addr,hp->h_length);
        saddr.sin_port = htons(portnum);
        saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
        if(bind(sock_id, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr)) != 0)
        {
                printf("%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Could not bind socket!!!\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
                return -1;
        }
 
        if(listen(server->sock_id, backlog) != 0)
        {
                printf("%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Socket listening failed.\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
                return -1;
        }
        return server->sock_id;
}

Client Sockets: are used to connect to a host server socket to communicate data in between to points/ or local and remote system(s) usually though they both can be local

int client_conn(char *host, int portnum)
{
        client = (SN *) malloc(sizeof(SN));
        client->sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
        if(client->sock == -1)
        {
                printf("%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Socket not found!!!\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
                return -1;
        }
 
        bzero(&servadd, sizeof(servadd));
        hp = gethostbyname(host);
        if(client->hp == NULL)
        {
                printf("%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Server Host not found.\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
                return -1;
        }
 
        bcopy(hp->h_addr,(struct sockaddr *)&servadd.sin_addr,hp->h_length);
        servadd.sin_port = htons(portnum);
        servadd.sin_family = AF_INET;
        if(connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&servadd, sizeof(servadd)) != 0)
        {
                printf("%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Could not connect to server or connection refused!\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
                return -1;
        }
        return client->sock;
}

Client/Server Model: relates the functionality of both the client side connection and the hosting server side connection and how they communicate data

lab46:~/code-src/[CLIENT]\[SERVER] Multmatrix$ ./mm-server 32000 &
[1] 25021
lab46:~/code-src/[CLIENT]\[SERVER] Multmatrix$ ./mm-client 
[CLIENT-SIDE]: Syntax Error!!! Must be in this format ./mm-client hostname portnum M N P.
lab46:~/code-src/[CLIENT]\[SERVER] Multmatrix$ ./mm-client localhost 32000 2 2 2
[CLIENT-SIDE] (connect) Could not connect to server or server refused connection.
[CLIENT-SIDE]: Unable to connect to server at this time.
lab46:~/code-src/[CLIENT]\[SERVER] Multmatrix$ ./mm-client lab46 32000 2 2 2
[SERVER-SIDE]: Received M Data. M Data equals 2.
[SERVER-SIDE]: Received N Data. N Data equals 2.
[SERVER-SIDE]: Received P Data. P Data equals 2.
[SERVER-SIDE]: Setting matrix 1 and matrix 2 rows and cols to client set values.
[SERVER-SIDE]: Generating Matrix1...
[SERVER-SIDE]: Generating Matrix2...
[SERVER-SIDE]: Creating random data for matrix 1 and matrix 2...
[SERVER-SIDE]: Displaying Matrix 1 and Matrix 2 Data...
10 68 
82 22 

06 71 
99 87 

[SERVER-SIDE]: Generating Matrix 3 and calculating Matrix 3 Data...
[SERVER-SIDE]: Displaying Matrix 3 Data...
06792 06626 
02670 07736 

lab46:~/code-src/[CLIENT]\[SERVER] Multmatrix$ 

System Calls: run a program on the system from within your own program and use its results as needed

#include <stdio.h>
#include <strings.h>
 
 
int main (void)
{
 
        char *l;
        printf("Your libc version is:\n");
        strcpy(l,system("/lib/libc.so.6 | head -n1 | awk '{print $10}' | sed 's/,//g'"));
        printf("%s", l);
        return 0;
}

when ran

andoryuu@andoryuu-laptop:~/src/lab46/sysprog$ ../../checklibc
Your libc version is:
2.12.1
Segmentation fault
andoryuu@andoryuu-laptop:~/src/lab46/sysprog$ 

Connections and Protocols: SOCK_STREAM is TCP guaranteed (under normal circumstances) to get to its destination. SOCK_DGRAM is UDP and is usually not guarenteed to get to its destination but is faster none the less

TCP

sock_id = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);

UDP

sock_id = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);

Creating Threads:

pthread_create(&threadID , NULL, threadfunction, &value);

Destroying Threads:

pthread_cancel(&threadID);

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

State the course objective; define what that objective entails.

State the method you will use for measuring successful academic/intellectual achievement of this objective.

Follow your method and obtain a measurement. Document the results here.

Reflect upon your results of the measurement to ascertain your achievement of the particular course objective.

• How did you do?
• Room for improvement?
• Could the measurement process be enhanced to be more effective?
• Do you think this enhancement would be efficient to employ?
• Could the course objective be altered to be more applicable? How would you alter it?

State the course objective; define what that objective entails.

State the method you will use for measuring successful academic/intellectual achievement of this objective.

Follow your method and obtain a measurement. Document the results here.

Reflect upon your results of the measurement to ascertain your achievement of the particular course objective.

• How did you do?
• Room for improvement?
• Could the measurement process be enhanced to be more effective?
• Do you think this enhancement would be efficient to employ?
• Could the course objective be altered to be more applicable? How would you alter it?

State the course objective; define what that objective entails.

State the method you will use for measuring successful academic/intellectual achievement of this objective.

Follow your method and obtain a measurement. Document the results here.

Reflect upon your results of the measurement to ascertain your achievement of the particular course objective.

• How did you do?
• Room for improvement?
• Could the measurement process be enhanced to be more effective?
• Do you think this enhancement would be efficient to employ?
• Could the course objective be altered to be more applicable? How would you alter it?

Can double be unsigned?

http://cboard.cprogramming.com/cplusplus-programming/5593-unsigned-double.html

I do not think it will accept an unsigned double, but hell why not test it anyways, that and i always wondered if it would.

#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
 
int main()
{
    unsigned double test = 9.9;
    printf("unsigned double test: %u\n", test);
}   

lab46:~/src/sysprog$ gcc unsigneddouble.c 
unsigneddouble.c: In function 'main':
unsigneddouble.c:7: error: both 'unsigned' and 'double' in declaration specifiers
lab46:~/src/sysprog$ 

As you see it does not compile, meaning it doesn't work, but it was worth a try to see if it would.

That unsigned and double do not go together at all.

Will a union limit how many integer place values there are when unioned with a char of size of 3 characters?

It has the size of the largest data type, so that should be the limiting factor of it.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
 
union stat {
    char limit[1];
    short int num;
};
 
union stat ATK;
 
int main()
{
    int i;
    for(i=0; i<3; i++)
    {
        ATK.limit[i] = 0;
        ATK.num = 0;
    }
    ATK.num = 999;
//  strcpy(ATK.limit, "999");
    printf("Integer: [%d]\nHex Address: [0x%x]\nChar: [%d]\n", ATK.num, &ATK.num, ATK.limit);
 
    ATK.num = 10000;
//  strcpy(ATK.limit, "10000");
    printf("Integer: [%d]\nHex Address: [0x%x]\nChar: [%d]\n", ATK.num, &ATK.num, ATK.limit);
    return 0;
}

lab46:~/src/sysprog$ ./uniontest 
Integer: [999]
Hex Address: [0x600970]
Char: [6293872]
Integer: [10000]
Hex Address: [0x600970]
Char: [6293872]
lab46:~/src/sysprog$ 

It didn't seem to work as how i thought it was going to rather disappointing in a way.

Doesn't work exactly as to how i thought it would work.

What is the question you'd like to pose for experimentation? State it here.

Collect information and resources (such as URLs of web resources), and comment on knowledge obtained that you think will provide useful background information to aid in performing the experiment.

Based on what you've read with respect to your original posed question, what do you think will be the result of your experiment (ie an educated guess based on the facts known). This is done before actually performing the experiment.

State your rationale.

How are you going to test your hypothesis? What is the structure of your experiment?

Perform your experiment, and collect/document the results here.

Based on the data collected:

• was your hypothesis correct?
• was your hypothesis not applicable?
• is there more going on than you originally thought? (shortcomings in hypothesis)
• what shortcomings might there be in your experiment?
• what shortcomings might there be in your data?

What can you ascertain based on the experiment performed and data collected? Document your findings here; make a statement as to any discoveries you've made.

If you're doing an experiment instead of a retest, delete this section.

If you've opted to test the experiment of someone else, delete the experiment section and steps above; perform the following steps:

Whose existing experiment are you going to retest? Prove the URL, note the author, and restate their question.

Evaluate their resources and commentary. Answer the following questions:

• Do you feel the given resources are adequate in providing sufficient background information?
• Are there additional resources you've found that you can add to the resources list?
• Does the original experimenter appear to have obtained a necessary fundamental understanding of the concepts leading up to their stated experiment?
• If you find a deviation in opinion, state why you think this might exist.

State their experiment's hypothesis. Answer the following questions:

• Do you feel their hypothesis is adequate in capturing the essence of what they're trying to discover?
• What improvements could you make to their hypothesis, if any?

Follow the steps given to recreate the original experiment. Answer the following questions:

• Are the instructions correct in successfully achieving the results?
• Is there room for improvement in the experiment instructions/description? What suggestions would you make?
• Would you make any alterations to the structure of the experiment to yield better results? What, and why?

Publish the data you have gained from your performing of the experiment here.

Answer the following:

• Does the data seem in-line with the published data from the original author?
• Can you explain any deviations?
• How about any sources of error?
• Is the stated hypothesis adequate?

Answer the following:

• What conclusions can you make based on performing the experiment?
• Do you feel the experiment was adequate in obtaining a further understanding of a concept?
• Does the original author appear to have gotten some value out of performing the experiment?
• Any suggestions or observations that could improve this particular process (in general, or specifically you, or specifically for the original author).

This is a sample format for a dated entry. Please substitute the actual date for “Month Day, Year”, and duplicate the level 4 heading to make additional entries.

As an aid, feel free to use the following questions to help you generate content for your entries:

• What action or concept of significance, as related to the course, did you experience on this date?
• Why was this significant?
• What concepts are you dealing with that may not make perfect sense?
• What challenges are you facing with respect to the course?

Remember that 4 is just the minimum number of entries. Feel free to have more.

This is a sample format for a dated entry. Please substitute the actual date for “Month Day, Year”, and duplicate the level 4 heading to make additional entries.

As an aid, feel free to use the following questions to help you generate content for your entries:

• What action or concept of significance, as related to the course, did you experience on this date?
• Why was this significant?
• What concepts are you dealing with that may not make perfect sense?
• What challenges are you facing with respect to the course?

Remember that 4 is just the minimum number of entries. Feel free to have more.

This is a sample format for a dated entry. Please substitute the actual date for “Month Day, Year”, and duplicate the level 4 heading to make additional entries.

As an aid, feel free to use the following questions to help you generate content for your entries:

• What action or concept of significance, as related to the course, did you experience on this date?
• Why was this significant?
• What concepts are you dealing with that may not make perfect sense?
• What challenges are you facing with respect to the course?

Remember that 4 is just the minimum number of entries. Feel free to have more.

This is a sample format for a dated entry. Please substitute the actual date for “Month Day, Year”, and duplicate the level 4 heading to make additional entries.

As an aid, feel free to use the following questions to help you generate content for your entries:

• What action or concept of significance, as related to the course, did you experience on this date?
• Why was this significant?
• What concepts are you dealing with that may not make perfect sense?
• What challenges are you facing with respect to the course?

Remember that 4 is just the minimum number of entries. Feel free to have more.

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Is understanding the role of an OS as well as what it means to write programs that work directly with the operating system.

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

State the course objective; define what that objective entails.

State the method you will use for measuring successful academic/intellectual achievement of this objective.

Follow your method and obtain a measurement. Document the results here.

Reflect upon your results of the measurement to ascertain your achievement of the particular course objective.

• How did you do?
• Room for improvement?
• Could the measurement process be enhanced to be more effective?
• Do you think this enhancement would be efficient to employ?
• Could the course objective be altered to be more applicable? How would you alter it?

State the course objective; define what that objective entails.

State the method you will use for measuring successful academic/intellectual achievement of this objective.

Follow your method and obtain a measurement. Document the results here.

Reflect upon your results of the measurement to ascertain your achievement of the particular course objective.

• How did you do?
• Room for improvement?
• Could the measurement process be enhanced to be more effective?
• Do you think this enhancement would be efficient to employ?
• Could the course objective be altered to be more applicable? How would you alter it?

State the course objective; define what that objective entails.

State the method you will use for measuring successful academic/intellectual achievement of this objective.

Follow your method and obtain a measurement. Document the results here.

Reflect upon your results of the measurement to ascertain your achievement of the particular course objective.

• How did you do?
• Room for improvement?
• Could the measurement process be enhanced to be more effective?
• Do you think this enhancement would be efficient to employ?
• Could the course objective be altered to be more applicable? How would you alter it?

What is the question you'd like to pose for experimentation? State it here.

Collect information and resources (such as URLs of web resources), and comment on knowledge obtained that you think will provide useful background information to aid in performing the experiment.

Based on what you've read with respect to your original posed question, what do you think will be the result of your experiment (ie an educated guess based on the facts known). This is done before actually performing the experiment.

State your rationale.

How are you going to test your hypothesis? What is the structure of your experiment?

Perform your experiment, and collect/document the results here.

Based on the data collected:

• was your hypothesis correct?
• was your hypothesis not applicable?
• is there more going on than you originally thought? (shortcomings in hypothesis)
• what shortcomings might there be in your experiment?
• what shortcomings might there be in your data?

What can you ascertain based on the experiment performed and data collected? Document your findings here; make a statement as to any discoveries you've made.

What is the question you'd like to pose for experimentation? State it here.

Collect information and resources (such as URLs of web resources), and comment on knowledge obtained that you think will provide useful background information to aid in performing the experiment.

Based on what you've read with respect to your original posed question, what do you think will be the result of your experiment (ie an educated guess based on the facts known). This is done before actually performing the experiment.

State your rationale.

How are you going to test your hypothesis? What is the structure of your experiment?

Perform your experiment, and collect/document the results here.

Based on the data collected:

• was your hypothesis correct?
• was your hypothesis not applicable?
• is there more going on than you originally thought? (shortcomings in hypothesis)
• what shortcomings might there be in your experiment?
• what shortcomings might there be in your data?

What can you ascertain based on the experiment performed and data collected? Document your findings here; make a statement as to any discoveries you've made.

If you're doing an experiment instead of a retest, delete this section.

If you've opted to test the experiment of someone else, delete the experiment section and steps above; perform the following steps:

Whose existing experiment are you going to retest? Prove the URL, note the author, and restate their question.

Evaluate their resources and commentary. Answer the following questions:

• Do you feel the given resources are adequate in providing sufficient background information?
• Are there additional resources you've found that you can add to the resources list?
• Does the original experimenter appear to have obtained a necessary fundamental understanding of the concepts leading up to their stated experiment?
• If you find a deviation in opinion, state why you think this might exist.

State their experiment's hypothesis. Answer the following questions:

• Do you feel their hypothesis is adequate in capturing the essence of what they're trying to discover?
• What improvements could you make to their hypothesis, if any?

Follow the steps given to recreate the original experiment. Answer the following questions:

• Are the instructions correct in successfully achieving the results?
• Is there room for improvement in the experiment instructions/description? What suggestions would you make?
• Would you make any alterations to the structure of the experiment to yield better results? What, and why?

Publish the data you have gained from your performing of the experiment here.

Answer the following:

• Does the data seem in-line with the published data from the original author?
• Can you explain any deviations?
• How about any sources of error?
• Is the stated hypothesis adequate?

Answer the following:

• What conclusions can you make based on performing the experiment?
• Do you feel the experiment was adequate in obtaining a further understanding of a concept?
• Does the original author appear to have gotten some value out of performing the experiment?
• Any suggestions or observations that could improve this particular process (in general, or specifically you, or specifically for the original author).

This is a sample format for a dated entry. Please substitute the actual date for “Month Day, Year”, and duplicate the level 4 heading to make additional entries.

As an aid, feel free to use the following questions to help you generate content for your entries:

• What action or concept of significance, as related to the course, did you experience on this date?
• Why was this significant?
• What concepts are you dealing with that may not make perfect sense?
• What challenges are you facing with respect to the course?

Remember that 4 is just the minimum number of entries. Feel free to have more.

This is a sample format for a dated entry. Please substitute the actual date for “Month Day, Year”, and duplicate the level 4 heading to make additional entries.

As an aid, feel free to use the following questions to help you generate content for your entries:

• What action or concept of significance, as related to the course, did you experience on this date?
• Why was this significant?
• What concepts are you dealing with that may not make perfect sense?
• What challenges are you facing with respect to the course?

Remember that 4 is just the minimum number of entries. Feel free to have more.

This is a sample format for a dated entry. Please substitute the actual date for “Month Day, Year”, and duplicate the level 4 heading to make additional entries.

As an aid, feel free to use the following questions to help you generate content for your entries:

• What action or concept of significance, as related to the course, did you experience on this date?
• Why was this significant?
• What concepts are you dealing with that may not make perfect sense?
• What challenges are you facing with respect to the course?

Remember that 4 is just the minimum number of entries. Feel free to have more.

This is a sample format for a dated entry. Please substitute the actual date for “Month Day, Year”, and duplicate the level 4 heading to make additional entries.

As an aid, feel free to use the following questions to help you generate content for your entries:

• What action or concept of significance, as related to the course, did you experience on this date?
• Why was this significant?
• What concepts are you dealing with that may not make perfect sense?
• What challenges are you facing with respect to the course?

Remember that 4 is just the minimum number of entries. Feel free to have more.

 const: a variable that is defined and cannot be altered.
 volatile: can be modified in ways the compiler is not aware of.

allows a function or class to work on many different data types without being rewritten for each one.

...
    this.var = var
...

is a C++ software library which later evolved into the C++ Standard Library. It provides four components called algorithms, containers, functors, and iterators.

using namespace std;

is an example so one does not always have to use std::cout, std::cin, etc to use any of the std “commands” or function calls from other classes and makes access a lot more efficient in terms of writing code

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you wish to aid your definition with a code sample, you can do so by using a wiki code block, an example follows:

/*
 * Sample code block
 */
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
    return(0);
}

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$ 

is a data structure that uses a hash function to map identifying values, known as keys (e.g., a person's name), to their associated values (e.g., their telephone number). Thus, a hash table implements an associative array. The hash function is used to transform the key into the index (the hash) of an array element (the slot or bucket) where the corresponding value is to be sought.

Ideally, the hash function should map each possible key to a unique slot index, but this ideal is rarely achievable in practice (unless the hash keys are fixed; i.e. new entries are never added to the table after it is created). Instead, most hash table designs assume that hash collisions—different keys that map to the same hash value—will occur and must be accommodated in some way.

Also are used for FileSystems on hard drives that map inodes etc

a sorting algorithm is an algorithm that puts elements of a list in a certain order. The most-used orders are numerical order and lexicographical order. Efficient sorting is important for optimizing the use of other algorithms (such as search and merge algorithms) that require sorted lists to work correctly; it is also often useful for canonicalizing data and for producing human-readable output. More formally, the output must satisfy two conditions:

  The output is in nondecreasing order (each element is no smaller than the previous element according to the desired total order);
  The output is a permutation, or reordering, of the input.

big O notation is used to describe the limiting behavior of a function when the argument tends towards a particular value or infinity, usually in terms of simpler functions.

is a simple sorting algorithm that works by repeatedly stepping through the list to be sorted, comparing each pair of adjacent items and swapping them if they are in the wrong order. The pass through the list is repeated until no swaps are needed, which indicates that the list is sorted. The algorithm gets its name from the way smaller elements “bubble” to the top of the list. Because it only uses comparisons to operate on elements, it is a comparison sort. Although the algorithm is simple, it is not efficient for sorting large lists; other algorithms are better.

is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science and mathematics that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty.

The algorithm works as follows:

  Find the minimum value in the list
  Swap it with the value in the first position
  Repeat the steps above for the remainder of the list (starting at the second position and advancing each time)

Effectively, the list is divided into two parts: the sublist of items already sorted, which is built up from left to right and is found at the beginning, and the sublist of items remaining to be sorted, occupying the remainder of the array.

Every repetition of insertion sort removes an element from the input data, inserting it into the correct position in the already-sorted list, until no input elements remain. The choice of which element to remove from the input is arbitrary, and can be made using almost any choice algorithm.

Sorting is typically done in-place. The resulting array after k iterations has the property where the first k + 1 entries are sorted.

makes O(nlog n) (big O notation) comparisons to sort n items. In the worst case, it makes O(n^2) comparisons, though this behavior is rare. Quicksort is often faster in practice than other O(nlog n) algorithms.[1] Additionally, quicksort's sequential and localized memory references work well with a cache. Quicksort can be implemented as an in-place sort, requiring only O(log n) additional space.

is an O(n log n) comparison-based sorting algorithm. Most implementations produce a stable sort, meaning that the implementation preserves the input order of equal elements in the sorted output. It is a divide and conquer algorithm.

in which each node has at most two child nodes, usually distinguished as “left” and “right”. Nodes with children are parent nodes, and child nodes may contain references to their parents. Outside the tree, there is often a reference to the “root” node (the ancestor of all nodes), if it exists. Any node in the data structure can be reached by starting at root node and repeatedly following references to either the left or right child.

is a sorting algorithm that works by partitioning an array into a number of buckets. Each bucket is then sorted individually, either using a different sorting algorithm, or by recursively applying the bucket sorting algorithm. It is a distribution sort, and is a cousin of radix sort in the most to least significant digit flavour. Bucket sort is a generalization of pigeonhole sort. Since bucket sort is not a comparison sort, the O(n log n) lower bound is inapplicable. The computational complexity estimates involve the number of buckets.

For simplicity, assume you're sorting a list of natural numbers. The sorting method is illustrated using uncooked rods of spaghetti:

  For each number x in the list, obtain a rod of length x. (One practical way of choosing the unit is to let the largest number m in your list correspond to one full rod of spaghetti. In this case, the full rod equals m spaghetti units. To get a rod of length x, simply break a rod in two so that one piece is of length x units; discard the other piece.)
  Once you have all your spaghetti rods, take them loosely in your fist and lower them to the table, so that they all stand upright, resting on the table surface. Now, for each rod, lower your other hand from above until it meets with a rod--this one is clearly the longest! Remove this rod and insert it into the front of the (initially empty) output list (or equivalently, place it in the last unused slot of the output array). Repeat until all rods have been removed.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorting_algorithm

a set of processes chained by their standard streams, so that the output of each process (stdout) feeds directly as input (stdin) to the next one

Redirection is usually implemented by placing certain characters between commands. Typically, the syntax of these characters is as follows:

 command1 > file1

are well-suited for implementing more familiar program components such as cooperative tasks, iterators, infinite lists and pipes.

consists of multiple autonomous computers that communicate through a computer network. The computers interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal.

is a variable or abstract data type that provides a simple but useful abstraction for controlling access by multiple processes to a common resource in a parallel programming environment.

restricts access to a computer file by allowing only one user or process access at any specific time.

is simultaneously accessed by multiple programs with an intent to provide communication among them or avoid redundant copies

FIFO behavior, is an extension to the traditional pipe concept on Unix and Unix-like systems, and is one of the methods of inter-process communication

a set of methods for the exchange of data among multiple threads in one or more processes

are a set of dynamic named values that can affect the way running processes will behave on a computer

a data communications endpoint for exchanging data between processes executing within the same host operating system

State the course objective; define what that objective entails.

State the method you will use for measuring successful academic/intellectual achievement of this objective.

Follow your method and obtain a measurement. Document the results here.

Reflect upon your results of the measurement to ascertain your achievement of the particular course objective.

• How did you do?
• Room for improvement?
• Could the measurement process be enhanced to be more effective?
• Do you think this enhancement would be efficient to employ?
• Could the course objective be altered to be more applicable? How would you alter it?

State the course objective; define what that objective entails.

State the method you will use for measuring successful academic/intellectual achievement of this objective.

Follow your method and obtain a measurement. Document the results here.

Reflect upon your results of the measurement to ascertain your achievement of the particular course objective.

• How did you do?
• Room for improvement?
• Could the measurement process be enhanced to be more effective?
• Do you think this enhancement would be efficient to employ?
• Could the course objective be altered to be more applicable? How would you alter it?

State the course objective; define what that objective entails.

State the method you will use for measuring successful academic/intellectual achievement of this objective.

Follow your method and obtain a measurement. Document the results here.

Reflect upon your results of the measurement to ascertain your achievement of the particular course objective.

• How did you do?
• Room for improvement?
• Could the measurement process be enhanced to be more effective?
• Do you think this enhancement would be efficient to employ?
• Could the course objective be altered to be more applicable? How would you alter it?

What is the question you'd like to pose for experimentation? State it here.

Collect information and resources (such as URLs of web resources), and comment on knowledge obtained that you think will provide useful background information to aid in performing the experiment.

Based on what you've read with respect to your original posed question, what do you think will be the result of your experiment (ie an educated guess based on the facts known). This is done before actually performing the experiment.

State your rationale.

How are you going to test your hypothesis? What is the structure of your experiment?

Perform your experiment, and collect/document the results here.

Based on the data collected:

• was your hypothesis correct?
• was your hypothesis not applicable?
• is there more going on than you originally thought? (shortcomings in hypothesis)
• what shortcomings might there be in your experiment?
• what shortcomings might there be in your data?

What can you ascertain based on the experiment performed and data collected? Document your findings here; make a statement as to any discoveries you've made.

What is the question you'd like to pose for experimentation? State it here.

Collect information and resources (such as URLs of web resources), and comment on knowledge obtained that you think will provide useful background information to aid in performing the experiment.

Based on what you've read with respect to your original posed question, what do you think will be the result of your experiment (ie an educated guess based on the facts known). This is done before actually performing the experiment.

State your rationale.

How are you going to test your hypothesis? What is the structure of your experiment?

Perform your experiment, and collect/document the results here.

Based on the data collected:

• was your hypothesis correct?
• was your hypothesis not applicable?
• is there more going on than you originally thought? (shortcomings in hypothesis)
• what shortcomings might there be in your experiment?
• what shortcomings might there be in your data?

What can you ascertain based on the experiment performed and data collected? Document your findings here; make a statement as to any discoveries you've made.

If you're doing an experiment instead of a retest, delete this section.

If you've opted to test the experiment of someone else, delete the experiment section and steps above; perform the following steps:

Whose existing experiment are you going to retest? Prove the URL, note the author, and restate their question.

Evaluate their resources and commentary. Answer the following questions:

• Do you feel the given resources are adequate in providing sufficient background information?
• Are there additional resources you've found that you can add to the resources list?
• Does the original experimenter appear to have obtained a necessary fundamental understanding of the concepts leading up to their stated experiment?
• If you find a deviation in opinion, state why you think this might exist.

State their experiment's hypothesis. Answer the following questions:

• Do you feel their hypothesis is adequate in capturing the essence of what they're trying to discover?
• What improvements could you make to their hypothesis, if any?

Follow the steps given to recreate the original experiment. Answer the following questions:

• Are the instructions correct in successfully achieving the results?
• Is there room for improvement in the experiment instructions/description? What suggestions would you make?
• Would you make any alterations to the structure of the experiment to yield better results? What, and why?

Publish the data you have gained from your performing of the experiment here.

Answer the following:

• Does the data seem in-line with the published data from the original author?
• Can you explain any deviations?
• How about any sources of error?
• Is the stated hypothesis adequate?

Answer the following:

• What conclusions can you make based on performing the experiment?
• Do you feel the experiment was adequate in obtaining a further understanding of a concept?
• Does the original author appear to have gotten some value out of performing the experiment?
• Any suggestions or observations that could improve this particular process (in general, or specifically you, or specifically for the original author).