Part 1

Part 1

Entries

Month Day, Year

This is a sample format for a dated entry. Please substitute the actual date for “Month Day, Year”, and duplicate the level 4 heading to make additional entries.

As an aid, feel free to use the following questions to help you generate content for your entries:

What action or concept of significance, as related to the course, did you experience on this date?
Why was this significant?
What concepts are you dealing with that may not make perfect sense?
What challenges are you facing with respect to the course?

Remember that 4 is just the minimum number of entries. Feel free to have more.

CPROG Topics

Standard I/O

stdin (Standard Input): Accepts user input from keyboard typically, but can also be from mouse, joystick, etc.

stdout (Standard Output): Displays/Prints (data type) information to the terminal or screen.

stderr (Standard Error): Mainly used for printing/displaying error messages indicating something went wrong.

#include "standard.h"
/* My Custom Header File takes care of the usual header files i use for my programs  which will be included in the next keyword*/
 
int main()
{
	char input[16];
	char p[2];
	int i,j;
	char num[10];
	for(i=0;i<(sizeof(input));i++)
	{
		input[i] = 0;
	}
	printf("Enter a character: ");
	scanf("%s", *&input);
	char n[2];
	for(i=0;i<10;i++)
	{
		num[i] = i + 48;
	}
	for(i=0;i<sizeof(input);i++)
	{
		strcpy(&p[0], &input[i]);
		for(j=0;j<10;j++)
		{
			strcpy(&n[0], &num[j]);
			if(strcmp(&p[0], &n[0]) == 0)
			{
				fprintf(stderr, "%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Input has exceeded its size!\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
				return -1;
			}
		//	if((input[i] < 48) || (input[i] > 57))
		//	{
		//		fprintf(stderr, "%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Input is not a number!\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
		//		return -1;
		//	}
 
		}
	}
	for(i=0;i<(sizeof(input));i++)
	{
		printf("0x%x(%d) ",input[i], input[i]);
	}
	printf("\n");
	return 0;
}

And when ran outputs this as an example, F5 was pressed as input

andoryuu@andoryuu-laptop:~/src/lab46/cprog$ ./stdio 
Enter a character: ^[[15~
0x1b(27) 0x5b(91) 0x31(49) 0x35(53) 0x7e(126) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 0x0(0) 
andoryuu@andoryuu-laptop:~/src/lab46/cprog$

Header Files

Header Files are needed so code can be easily included in ones program, so one doesn't have to keep retyping the same code over and over again to get their program to work.

Local Header File Include

#include "standard.h"

System Header File Include

#include <stdio.h>

Local Header File example: standard.h

// Standard include files
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <strings.h>
#include <string.h>
 
//Boolean Logic
#define FALSE       1
#define TRUE        (!FALSE)
 
//Text Attributes
#define AAOFF       0
#define BOLD        1
#define UNDERSC     4
#define BLINK       5
#define RVSEVID     7
#define CONCEAL     8
 
//Foreground Colors
#define BLACK       30
#define RED         31
#define GREEN       32
#define YELLOW      33
#define BLUE        34
#define MAGENTA     35
#define CYAN        36
#define WHITE       37
 
//Background Colors
#define BG_BLACK    40
#define BG_RED      41
#define BG_GREEN    42
#define BG_YELLOW   43
#define BG_BLUE     44
#define BG_MAGENTA  45
#define BG_CYAN     46
#define BG_WHITE    47

typedef, enum, union

typedef: declare new datatype including struct, union, and enum if needed.

enum: enumerate words to a certain value

union: “merge” data types into a unique new one

typedef example

typedef union num
{
        double d;
        int i;
} num;

enum example

enum fgcolor {
	BLACK = 30,
	RED,
	GREEN,
	YELLOW,
	BLUE,
	MAGENTA,
	CYAN,
	WHITE
} fg;
 
enum bgcolor {
	BG_BLACK = 40,
	BG_RED,
	BG_GREEN,
	BG_YELLOW,
	BG_BLUE,
	BG_MAGENTA,
	BG_CYAN,
	BG_WHITE
} bg;

union example

typedef union num
{
        double d;
        int i;
} num;

Code Stages

Source:

#include "dll.h"
#include "standard.h"
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <curses.h>
#include <termios.h>
#include <string.h>
#define ESC     0x1B
#define F1      0x70
#define F2      0x71
#define F3      0x72
#define F4      0x73
#define F5      0x74
#define F6      0x75
 
Node *start, *end, *tmp, *tmp2;
int i = 0, input3, input4, onep;
int menu;
 
int getkey()
{
    int character;
    struct termios orig_term_attr;
    struct termios new_term_attr;
 
    tcgetattr(fileno(stdin), &orig_term_attr);
    memcpy(&new_term_attr, &orig_term_attr, sizeof(struct termios));
    new_term_attr.c_lflag &= ~(ECHO|ICANON);
    new_term_attr.c_cc[VTIME] = 0;
    new_term_attr.c_cc[VMIN] = 0;
    tcsetattr(fileno(stdin), TCSANOW, &new_term_attr);
 
    character = fgetc(stdin);
 
    tcsetattr(fileno(stdin), TCSANOW, &orig_term_attr);
 
    return character;
}
 
int main()
{
    printf("1. New Doubly Linked List\n");
    printf("2. Insert Node into Linked List\n");
    printf("3. Remove Node from Linked List\n");
    printf("4. Display contents of Linked List\n");
    printf("5. Inverted Display of Linked List\n");
    printf("6. Quit\n");
    for(;;)
    {
        menu = getkey();
        if(menu == 0x31)
        {
            printf("You pressed 0x%x\n!", menu);
            printf("Enter a value (-1 to quit): ");
            scanf("%d", &input3);
            while(input3 != -1)
            {
                if(start == NULL)
                {
                    snode(input3);
                }
                else
                {
                    anode(input3);
                }
                printf("Enter a value (-1 to quit): ");
                scanf("%d", &input3);
            }
            display();
        }
 
        if(menu == 0x32)
        {
            printf("Enter a new node to insert data into: ");
            scanf("%d", &input3);
            printf("Enter a value: ");
            scanf("%d", &input4);
            insertnode(input3, input4);
            display();
        }
 
        if(menu == 0x33)
        {
        {
            printf("Enter a node to delete: ");
            scanf("%d", &input3);
            delnode(input3);
            display();
        }
 
        if(menu == 0x34)
        {
            display();
        }
 
        if(menu == 0x35)
        {
            invertdisplay();
        }
 
        if(menu == 0x36)
        {
            exit(0);
            break;
        }
        if(menu == 0x1B)
        {
            break;
        }
        else
        {
            // just chill
        }
 
    }
    return 0;
}

Object:

lab46:~/src/data$ gcc -c dllmain.c
lab46:~/src/data$ ls
Makefile  cli.c        dll.h      doubly        filesandargs.c  fork2      fscanf.c        libdlinklist.o  linkedlists    mtest          rank1  rank4                 screentest    size.c
blah      dlinklist.h  dllmain.c  doubly.c      fork            fork2.c    getopt.c        libdll.a        linkedlists.c  mtest.c        rank2  revisedlinkedlists    screentest.c  standard.h
cli       dll          dllmain.o  filesandargs  fork.c          fprintf.c  libdlinklist.c  libdll.so       mod-doubly.c   passwdcombo.c  rank3  revisedlinkedlists.c  size          stringmanip.c
lab46:~/src/data$

Binary:

lab46:~/src/data$ ./dll
1. New Doubly Linked List
2. Insert Node into Linked List
3. Remove Node from Linked List
4. Display contents of Linked List
5. Inverted Display of Linked List
6. Quit
You pressed 0x31
!Enter a value (-1 to quit): 2
Enter a value (-1 to quit): 4
Enter a value (-1 to quit): 6
Enter a value (-1 to quit): -1
node[0]: 2
node[1]: 4
node[2]: 6
lab46:~/src/data$

Command Line Arguments

CLA: is a program that prior to runtime needs to have additional parameters appending it to do certain things with each flag typically

My first attempt at a password cracker though it pretty much failed the first attempt

andoryuu@andoryuu-laptop:~/src/passwordcracker$ ./a.out 
Syntax: ./a.out [password size] [debug flag] 0
andoryuu@andoryuu-laptop:~/src/passwordcracker$ ./a.out 10 0 0
          
andoryuu@andoryuu-laptop:~/src/passwordcracker$ 
andoryuu@andoryuu-laptop:~/src/passwordcracker$ ./a.out 10 1 0
char[0]:  
char[1]:  
char[2]:  
char[3]:  
char[4]:  
char[5]:  
char[6]:  
char[7]:  
char[8]:  
char[9]:  
          
andoryuu@andoryuu-laptop:~/src/passwordcracker$

Arrays

arrays: usually involves a int/char/float/double datatype[10] as an example which is defined to hold 10 characters or 10 valid values

        for(i=0;i<10;i++)
        {
                num[i] = i + 48;
        }
        for(i=0;i<sizeof(input);i++)
        {
                strcpy(&p[0], &input[i]);
                for(j=0;j<10;j++)
                {
                        strcpy(&n[0], &num[j]);
                        if(strcmp(&p[0], &n[0]) == 0)
                        {
                                fprintf(stderr, "%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Input has exceeded its size!\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
                                return -1;
                        }
                //      if((input[i] < 48) || (input[i] > 57))
                //      {
                //              fprintf(stderr, "%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Input is not a number!\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
                //              return -1;
                //      }
 
                }
        }
        for(i=0;i<(sizeof(input));i++)
        {
                printf("0x%x(%d) ",input[i], input[i]);
        }
        printf("\n");

Multidimensional Arrays

multidimensional arrays: usually used for like matrix multiplication or anything else that harnesses 2 dimensional or greater dimensional arrays

int M,N,P;
int i, j, k;
int verbose;
int **matrix1, **matrix2, **matrix3;
int m1rows, m1cols, m2rows, m2cols, m3rows, m3cols;
int sum;
int portnum;

/*****************************************************************/


    /* Generating Matrix 2  */
    printf("[SERVER-SIDE]: Generating Matrix2...\n");

    matrix2 = malloc(m2rows * sizeof(*matrix2[i]));
    for(i=0;i<m2rows;i++)
    {
        matrix2[i] = malloc(m2cols *sizeof(*matrix2[i]));
    }

    /* Create random data for Matrix 1 and Matrix 2 */
    printf("[SERVER-SIDE]: Creating random data for matrix 1 and matrix 2...\n");

    srand(time(NULL));

    for(i=0;i<m1rows;i++){
        for(j=0;j<m1cols;j++){
            matrix1[i][j]=rand()%99+1;
        }
    }

    for(i=0;i<m2rows;i++){
        for(j=0;j<m2cols;j++){
            matrix2[i][j]=rand()%99+1;
        }
    }

File Access (Read, Write, Append)

Read file: read the contents or a file and either print it to stdout, save it to another file, send it to server/client socket connection, or it is read for variables it contains for the program to run, change variables from file read at runtime

lab46:~/src/sysprog$ ./confviewer confviewer.c 
#include <stdio.h>
#include <strings.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[ ])
{
	char *filename;
	strcpy(filename, argv[1]);
	FILE *file = fopen(filename, "a+");
	if(file != NULL)
	{
		char line[256];
		line[sizeof(file)];
		while(fgets(line,sizeof(line), file) != NULL)
		{
			fputs(line, stdout);
		}
		fclose(file);
	}
	else
	{
		perror(filename);
	}
	return 0;
}
lab46:~/src/sysprog$

Write file: write contents to a file from stdin, from another file, a server/client connection, etc.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
 
int main(int argc, char *argv[ ])
{
    FILE *fp;
    size_t bytes;
    char contents[256];
 
    fp = fopen(argv[1], "a+");
    if(fp == NULL)
    {
        printf("%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm File %s could not be opened.\n", 0x1B, 1, 31, 0x1B, 0, argv[1]);
        return -1;
    }
    scanf("%s", &contents);
    bytes = fwrite(contents, 1, strlen(contents), fp);
    bytes += fwrite("\n", 1, strlen("\n"), fp);
    printf("Wrote %zu bytes total.\n", bytes);
    fclose(fp);
    return 0;
}

lab46:~/src/sysprog$ ./fwrite test
Doom
Wrote 5 bytes total.
lab46:~/src/sysprog$ cat test
Doom
lab46:~/src/sysprog$

Append file: adds data to the bottom of the file

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <strings.h>
struct data {
    char c[1024];
    struct data *next;
};
typedef struct data Data;
Data *data2;
 
int main(int argc, char *argv[ ])
{
    FILE *fp;
    int i;
    data2 = (Data *) malloc(sizeof(Data));
    fp = fopen(argv[1], "a+");
    if(fp == NULL)
    {
        printf("%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm File %s could not be opened.\n", 0x1B, 1, 31, 0x1B, 0, argv[1]);
        return -1;
    }
 
    while(strcmp(data2->c,"EOF\n") != 0)
    {
        scanf("%s", data2->c);
        strcat(data2->c, "\n");
        if(strcmp(data2->c, "EOF\n") != 0)
        {
            fprintf(fp, "%s", data2->c);
        }
        else
        {
            // Send EOF to the void and do not copy it to file
        }
    }
    free(data2);
    fclose(fp);
    return 0;
}

lab46:~/src/sysprog$ ./fwrite dood2
3mz 4abc 6y87fd87f6d8bg  7bf86v876
EOF
lab46:~/src/sysprog$ cat dood2
g
g
g
3mz
4abc
6y87fd87f6d8bg
7bf86v876
lab46:~/src/sysprog$

Typecasting

Typecasting: the usage of typecasting is to make a variable of one type, act like another type for one single operation.

float a;
a = (float)5 / 3;

Recursion

Recursion: A function that calls itself in its own code block.

void recursion()
{
        // Do something here
        recursion();
}

Repetition/Iteration Structures

Repetition/Iteration Structures: used when something needs to be done x amount of times.

for loop:

    for(i=0;i<(numthreads);i++)
    {
        thread_args[i] = i;
        printf("In Main: creating thread %d\n", i);
        rc = pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, &taskcode, NULL);
        assert( 0 == rc);
    }

while loop:

    while(tmp != NULL)
    {
        printf("node[%d]: %d\n", i, tmp -> value.sint);
        i++;
        tmp = tmp -> next;
    }

Structures

Structures: makes several things easier to manage code wise.

struct

struct node {
    union {
        int sint;
        char *schar;
    } value;
    struct node *next;
    struct node *prev;
};
typedef struct node Node;

DATA Topics

Doubly Linked Lists

doubly linked lists:

    // Build our list
    while(input != -1)
    {
        if(start == NULL) //empty list
        {
            start = (Node *) malloc (sizeof(Node));
            end = start; // only one node, start and end are same
            start -> next = NULL; // nothing after
            start -> prev = NULL; // nothing before
            tmp = start; // tmp points to beginning of list
            start -> value = input; // enter v alue into node
        }
        else // There is already a list started
        {
            tmp = (Node *) malloc (sizeof(Node));
            end -> next = tmp; // tack new node onto end of list
            tmp -> prev = end; // new node points to current end
            end = end -> next; // advance end to new end
            end -> value = input; // put input in node
            end -> next = NULL; // nothing beyond end
        }
        printf("Enter a value (-1 to quit): ");
        scanf("%d", &input);
 
    }

Linked Lists

linked lists:

void newll()
{
    start = tmp = NULL;
 
    printf("Enter a value (-1 to quit): ");
    scanf("%d", &input);
    input = (int)input;
    printf("%d\n",input);
    do {
        if(input == -1)
            break;
 
        if(start == NULL)
        {
            start = (Node *) malloc (sizeof(Node));
            start -> value = input;
            start -> next = NULL;
            tmp = start;
        }
 
        else
        {
            tmp -> next = (Node *) malloc (sizeof(Node));
            tmp -> next -> value = input;
            tmp -> next -> next = NULL;
            tmp = tmp -> next;
        }
        printf("Enter a value (-1 to quit): ");
        scanf("%d", &input);
 
    } while ((input != -1) || (isalpha(input) != 0));
}

Graphs

Graphs (2 Dimensional Linked Lists): They are a grid like structure of nodes made with structs that hold data can be a unique data type or a custom one, can also be used in graphics for a 2D map for a game like environment.

Structure for Graph

struct node {
	union {
		int n;
		char c;
		double d;
	} val;
	struct node *east;
	struct node *west;
	struct node *north;
	struct node *south;
};

Memory Allocation

Memory Allocation: defining a certain amount of memory for a data type/struct to use from the system to do a particular task usually done with malloc();

            start = (Node *) malloc (sizeof(Node));

Memory De-Allocation

Memory De-Allocation: usually done after a task is done in a program too free up memory and give it back to the system usually uses free() in c

        else
        {
            // Send EOF to the void and do not copy it to file
        }
    }
    free(data2);
    fclose(fp);
    return 0;

Void Pointers

Void Pointers: cannot be dereferenced, normally used for function prototypes, no initial size defined prior usually

struct t {
char *s;
};
...
struct t x;
...
x = malloc(sizeof *x);

Pointers (arrays)

Pointers (arrays): a pointer linking to an array of characters/integers/floats or any other data types

  int *array[3];
  int x = 10, y = 20, z = 30;
  int i;
  array[0] = &x;
  array[1] = &y;
  array[2] = &z;
  for (i=0; i< 3; i++) 
  {
        printf("The value of %d= %d ,address is %u\t \n", i, *(array[i]), array[i]);
  }

Pointers to Pointers

Pointers to Pointers: direct pointers to another pointer and usually to either another pointer or a value to modify

        else
        {
            tmp -> next = (Node *) malloc (sizeof(Node));
            tmp -> next -> value = input;
            tmp -> next -> next = NULL;
            tmp = tmp -> next;
        }

NULL Pointers

NULL Pointers: to Null out a pointer to make it point to NULL value which could eventually be reassigned to a node/struct later, to disassociate it from the other struct(s), also used in the steps to freeup a node from being pointed to

        if(start == NULL)
        {
            start = (Node *) malloc (sizeof(Node));
            start -> value = input;
            start -> next = NULL;
            tmp = start;
        }

Pointers (Address of)

To find out the memory address associated to a pointer

printf("The value of %d= %d ,address is %u\t \n", i, *(array[i]), array[i]);

Structures

Structures: They make creating your own “data types” a lot easier for example:

struct node {
    int value;
    struct node *next;
    struct node *prev;
};
 
typedef struct node Node;

Structure Pointer

Structure Pointer: a struct created and in order to alter its variables that go with it you have to point to its corresponding value name then set it to whatever you want it to be eitehr from stdin, a file, or a socket connection

start -> value = input;

SYSPROG Topics

Zombies

Zombie Process: Is a process that has forked or the like and its child process just stays running and shows up as <defunct> Z

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
 
int main ()
{
  pid_t child_pid;
 
  child_pid = fork ();
  if (child_pid > 0) {
    sleep (60);
  }
  else {
    exit (0);
  }
  return 0;
}

Threads

Threads: They are helpful for getting other functions done when others to to continue to run

#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <unistd.h>
 
int tid;
int numthreads;
pthread_t threads[2];
int thread_args[2];
int rc;
 
void *taskcode(void *);
 
int i;
 
int main()
{
    numthreads = 2;
    for(i=0;i<(numthreads);i++)
    {
        thread_args[i] = i;
        printf("In Main: creating thread %d\n", i);
        rc = pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, &taskcode, NULL);
        assert( 0 == rc);
    }
 
    for(i=0;i<(numthreads);i++)
    {
        rc = pthread_join(threads[i], NULL);
        assert(0 == rc);
    }
 
    exit(0);
}
 
void *taskcode(void *argument)
{
    printf("Hello World! It's me, thread 0x%x!\n", &argument);
}
                                                                                                   1,1           A

lab46:~/src/sysprog$ ./threads 
In Main: creating thread 0
In Main: creating thread 1
Hello World! It's me, thread 0x8f2f7ed8!
Hello World! It's me, thread 0x8eaf6ed8!

Multi-threading

Multi-threading: Takes advantage of multicore systems to get several tasks done a lot faster than with just a single-core system.

#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <unistd.h>
 
int tid;
int numthreads;
pthread_t threads[200];
int thread_args[200];
int rc;
 
void *taskcode(void *);
 
int i;
 
int main()
{
    numthreads = 200;
    for(i=0;i<(numthreads);i++)
    {
        thread_args[i] = i;
        printf("In Main: creating thread %d\n", i);
        rc = pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, &taskcode, NULL);
        assert( 0 == rc);
    }
 
    for(i=0;i<(numthreads);i++)
    {
        rc = pthread_join(threads[i], NULL);
        assert(0 == rc);
    }
 
    exit(0);
}
 
void *taskcode(void *argument)
{
    printf("Hello World! It's me, thread 0x%x!\n", &argument);
}

The code above after execution

lab46:~/src/sysprog$ ./multithreaded 
In Main: creating thread 0
In Main: creating thread 1
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xfd8e3ed8!
In Main: creating thread 2
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xfd0e2ed8!
In Main: creating thread 3
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xfc8e1ed8!
In Main: creating thread 4
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xfc0e0ed8!
In Main: creating thread 5
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xfb8dfed8!
In Main: creating thread 6
In Main: creating thread 7
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xfa8dded8!
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xfb0deed8!
In Main: creating thread 8
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xfa0dced8!
In Main: creating thread 9
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xf98dbed8!
In Main: creating thread 10
In Main: creating thread 11
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xf88d9ed8!
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xf90daed8!
In Main: creating thread 12
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xf80d8ed8!
In Main: creating thread 13
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xf78d7ed8!
In Main: creating thread 14
In Main: creating thread 15
Hello World! It's me, thread 0xf68d5ed8!
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Hello World! It's me, thread 0xeb0beed8!
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Hello World! It's me, thread 0xea8bded8!
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Hello World! It's me, thread 0xe90baed8!
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Hello World! It's me, thread 0xe88b9ed8!
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Hello World! It's me, thread 0xe80b8ed8!
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Hello World! It's me, thread 0xe70b6ed8!
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Hello World! It's me, thread 0xe68b5ed8!
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lab46:~/src/sysprog$

Server Sockets

Server Sockets: are the host connection program used for several different services like apache2, ssh, or anything that really uses server sockets

int create_sock(int portnum, int backlog)
{
        server = (SN *) malloc(sizeof(SN));
        server->sock_id = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
        if(server->sock_id == -1)
        {
                printf("%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Could not create socket!!!\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
                return -1;
        }
 
        bzero((void *)&saddr, sizeof(server->saddr));
        gethostname(server->hostname, 256);
        server->hp = gethostbyname(server->hostname);
 
        bcopy((void *)hp->h_addr,(void *)&saddr.sin_addr,hp->h_length);
        saddr.sin_port = htons(portnum);
        saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
        if(bind(sock_id, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr)) != 0)
        {
                printf("%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Could not bind socket!!!\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
                return -1;
        }
 
        if(listen(server->sock_id, backlog) != 0)
        {
                printf("%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Socket listening failed.\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
                return -1;
        }
        return server->sock_id;
}

Client Sockets

Client Sockets: are used to connect to a host server socket to communicate data in between to points/ or local and remote system(s) usually though they both can be local

int client_conn(char *host, int portnum)
{
        client = (SN *) malloc(sizeof(SN));
        client->sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
        if(client->sock == -1)
        {
                printf("%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Socket not found!!!\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
                return -1;
        }
 
        bzero(&servadd, sizeof(servadd));
        hp = gethostbyname(host);
        if(client->hp == NULL)
        {
                printf("%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Server Host not found.\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
                return -1;
        }
 
        bcopy(hp->h_addr,(struct sockaddr *)&servadd.sin_addr,hp->h_length);
        servadd.sin_port = htons(portnum);
        servadd.sin_family = AF_INET;
        if(connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&servadd, sizeof(servadd)) != 0)
        {
                printf("%c[%d;%dm[ERROR]: %c[%dm Could not connect to server or connection refused!\n", 0x1B, BOLD, RED, 0x1B, 0);
                return -1;
        }
        return client->sock;
}

Client/Server Model

Client/Server Model: relates the functionality of both the client side connection and the hosting server side connection and how they communicate data

lab46:~/code-src/[CLIENT]\[SERVER] Multmatrix$ ./mm-server 32000 &
[1] 25021
lab46:~/code-src/[CLIENT]\[SERVER] Multmatrix$ ./mm-client 
[CLIENT-SIDE]: Syntax Error!!! Must be in this format ./mm-client hostname portnum M N P.
lab46:~/code-src/[CLIENT]\[SERVER] Multmatrix$ ./mm-client localhost 32000 2 2 2
[CLIENT-SIDE] (connect) Could not connect to server or server refused connection.
[CLIENT-SIDE]: Unable to connect to server at this time.
lab46:~/code-src/[CLIENT]\[SERVER] Multmatrix$ ./mm-client lab46 32000 2 2 2
[SERVER-SIDE]: Received M Data. M Data equals 2.
[SERVER-SIDE]: Received N Data. N Data equals 2.
[SERVER-SIDE]: Received P Data. P Data equals 2.
[SERVER-SIDE]: Setting matrix 1 and matrix 2 rows and cols to client set values.
[SERVER-SIDE]: Generating Matrix1...
[SERVER-SIDE]: Generating Matrix2...
[SERVER-SIDE]: Creating random data for matrix 1 and matrix 2...
[SERVER-SIDE]: Displaying Matrix 1 and Matrix 2 Data...
10 68 
82 22 

06 71 
99 87 

[SERVER-SIDE]: Generating Matrix 3 and calculating Matrix 3 Data...
[SERVER-SIDE]: Displaying Matrix 3 Data...
06792 06626 
02670 07736 

lab46:~/code-src/[CLIENT]\[SERVER] Multmatrix$

System Calls

System Calls: run a program on the system from within your own program and use its results as needed

#include <stdio.h>
#include <strings.h>
 
 
int main (void)
{
 
        char *l;
        printf("Your libc version is:\n");
        strcpy(l,system("/lib/libc.so.6 | head -n1 | awk '{print $10}' | sed 's/,//g'"));
        printf("%s", l);
        return 0;
}

when ran

andoryuu@andoryuu-laptop:~/src/lab46/sysprog$ ../../checklibc
Your libc version is:
2.12.1
Segmentation fault
andoryuu@andoryuu-laptop:~/src/lab46/sysprog$

Connections and Protocols

Connections and Protocols: SOCK_STREAM is TCP guaranteed (under normal circumstances) to get to its destination. SOCK_DGRAM is UDP and is usually not guarenteed to get to its destination but is faster none the less

TCP

sock_id = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);

UDP

sock_id = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);

TCP vs. UDP

	TCP	UDP
Ordering	TCP rearranges data packets in the order specified.	UDP does not order packets. If ordering is required, it has to be managed by the application layer.
Error Checking	TCP does error checking	UDP does not have an option for error checking.
Header Size	TCP header size is 20 bytes	UDP Header size is 8 bytes.
Usage	TCP is used in case of non-time critical applications.	UDP is used for games or applications that require fast transmission of data. UDP's stateless nature is also useful for servers that answer small queries from huge numbers of clients.
Function	As a message makes its way across the internet from one computer to another. This is connection based.	UDP is also a protocol used in message transport or transfer. This is not connection based which means that one program can send a load of packets to another and that would be the end of the relationship.
Weight	TCP requires three packets to set up a socket connection, before any user data can be sent. TCP handles reliability and congestion control.	UDP is lightweight. There is no ordering of messages, no tracking connections, etc. It is a small transport layer designed on top of IP.
Stream of data by…	Data is read as a byte stream, no distinguishing indications are transmitted to signal message (segment) boundaries.	Packets are sent individually and are checked for integrity only if they arrive. Packets have definite boundaries which are honored upon receipt, meaning a read operation at the receiver socket will yield an entire message as it was originally sent.
Speed of Transfer	The speed for TCP in comparison with UDP is slower.	UDP is faster because there is no error-checking for packets.
Examples	HTTP, HTTPs, FTP, SMTP Telnet	DNS, DHCP, TFTP, SNMP, RIP, VOIP
Data Reliability	There is absolute guarantee that the data transferred remains intact and arrives in the same order in which it was sent.	There is no guarantee that the messages or packets sent would reach at all.
Connectivity	Two way Connection Reliable	One way Connection Reliable
Flow Control	TCP does Flow Control	UDP does not have an option for flow control

Creating/Destroying Threads

Creating Threads:

pthread_create(&threadID , NULL, threadfunction, &value);

Destroying Threads:

pthread_cancel(&threadID);

Sharing Data between threads

Identification and definition of the chosen keyword. Substitute “keyword” with the actual keyword.

If you want to demonstrate something on the command-line, you can do so as follows:

lab46:~$ cd src
lab46:~/src$ gcc -o hello hello.c
lab46:~/src$ ./hello
Hello, World!
lab46:~/src$

CPROG Objectives

Objective 1

State the course objective; define what that objective entails.

Method

State the method you will use for measuring successful academic/intellectual achievement of this objective.

Measurement

Follow your method and obtain a measurement. Document the results here.

Analysis

Reflect upon your results of the measurement to ascertain your achievement of the particular course objective.

How did you do?
Room for improvement?
Could the measurement process be enhanced to be more effective?
Do you think this enhancement would be efficient to employ?
Could the course objective be altered to be more applicable? How would you alter it?

DATA Objectives

Objective 1

State the course objective; define what that objective entails.

Method

State the method you will use for measuring successful academic/intellectual achievement of this objective.

Measurement

Follow your method and obtain a measurement. Document the results here.

Analysis

Reflect upon your results of the measurement to ascertain your achievement of the particular course objective.

How did you do?
Room for improvement?
Could the measurement process be enhanced to be more effective?
Do you think this enhancement would be efficient to employ?
Could the course objective be altered to be more applicable? How would you alter it?

SYSPROG Objectives

Objective 1

State the course objective; define what that objective entails.

Method

State the method you will use for measuring successful academic/intellectual achievement of this objective.

Measurement

Follow your method and obtain a measurement. Document the results here.

Analysis

Reflect upon your results of the measurement to ascertain your achievement of the particular course objective.

How did you do?
Room for improvement?
Could the measurement process be enhanced to be more effective?
Do you think this enhancement would be efficient to employ?
Could the course objective be altered to be more applicable? How would you alter it?

Experiments

Unsigned Double?

Question

Can double be unsigned?

Resources

http://cboard.cprogramming.com/cplusplus-programming/5593-unsigned-double.html

Hypothesis

I do not think it will accept an unsigned double, but hell why not test it anyways, that and i always wondered if it would.

Experiment & Source code

#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
 
int main()
{
    unsigned double test = 9.9;
    printf("unsigned double test: %u\n", test);
}

Data

lab46:~/src/sysprog$ gcc unsigneddouble.c 
unsigneddouble.c: In function 'main':
unsigneddouble.c:7: error: both 'unsigned' and 'double' in declaration specifiers
lab46:~/src/sysprog$

Analysis

As you see it does not compile, meaning it doesn't work, but it was worth a try to see if it would.

Conclusions

That unsigned and double do not go together at all.

Union as a limiter?

Question

Will a union limit how many integer place values there are when unioned with a char of size of 3 characters?

Hypothesis

It has the size of the largest data type, so that should be the limiting factor of it.

Experiment

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
 
union stat {
    char limit[1];
    short int num;
};
 
union stat ATK;
 
int main()
{
    int i;
    for(i=0; i<3; i++)
    {
        ATK.limit[i] = 0;
        ATK.num = 0;
    }
    ATK.num = 999;
//  strcpy(ATK.limit, "999");
    printf("Integer: [%d]\nHex Address: [0x%x]\nChar: [%d]\n", ATK.num, &ATK.num, ATK.limit);
 
    ATK.num = 10000;
//  strcpy(ATK.limit, "10000");
    printf("Integer: [%d]\nHex Address: [0x%x]\nChar: [%d]\n", ATK.num, &ATK.num, ATK.limit);
    return 0;
}

Data

lab46:~/src/sysprog$ ./uniontest 
Integer: [999]
Hex Address: [0x600970]
Char: [6293872]
Integer: [10000]
Hex Address: [0x600970]
Char: [6293872]
lab46:~/src/sysprog$

Analysis

It didn't seem to work as how i thought it was going to rather disappointing in a way.

Conclusions

Doesn't work exactly as to how i thought it would work.

Experiment 3

Question

What is the question you'd like to pose for experimentation? State it here.

Resources

Collect information and resources (such as URLs of web resources), and comment on knowledge obtained that you think will provide useful background information to aid in performing the experiment.

Hypothesis

Based on what you've read with respect to your original posed question, what do you think will be the result of your experiment (ie an educated guess based on the facts known). This is done before actually performing the experiment.

State your rationale.

Experiment

How are you going to test your hypothesis? What is the structure of your experiment?

Data

Perform your experiment, and collect/document the results here.

Analysis

Based on the data collected:

was your hypothesis correct?
was your hypothesis not applicable?
is there more going on than you originally thought? (shortcomings in hypothesis)
what shortcomings might there be in your experiment?
what shortcomings might there be in your data?

Conclusions

What can you ascertain based on the experiment performed and data collected? Document your findings here; make a statement as to any discoveries you've made.

Retest

If you're doing an experiment instead of a retest, delete this section.

If you've opted to test the experiment of someone else, delete the experiment section and steps above; perform the following steps:

State Experiment

Whose existing experiment are you going to retest? Prove the URL, note the author, and restate their question.

Resources

Evaluate their resources and commentary. Answer the following questions:

Do you feel the given resources are adequate in providing sufficient background information?
Are there additional resources you've found that you can add to the resources list?
Does the original experimenter appear to have obtained a necessary fundamental understanding of the concepts leading up to their stated experiment?
If you find a deviation in opinion, state why you think this might exist.

Hypothesis

State their experiment's hypothesis. Answer the following questions:

Do you feel their hypothesis is adequate in capturing the essence of what they're trying to discover?
What improvements could you make to their hypothesis, if any?

Experiment

Follow the steps given to recreate the original experiment. Answer the following questions:

Are the instructions correct in successfully achieving the results?
Is there room for improvement in the experiment instructions/description? What suggestions would you make?
Would you make any alterations to the structure of the experiment to yield better results? What, and why?

Data

Publish the data you have gained from your performing of the experiment here.

Analysis

Answer the following:

Does the data seem in-line with the published data from the original author?
Can you explain any deviations?
How about any sources of error?
Is the stated hypothesis adequate?

Conclusions

Answer the following:

What conclusions can you make based on performing the experiment?
Do you feel the experiment was adequate in obtaining a further understanding of a concept?
Does the original author appear to have gotten some value out of performing the experiment?
Any suggestions or observations that could improve this particular process (in general, or specifically you, or specifically for the original author).

Table of Contents

Part 1

Entries

Month Day, Year

CPROG Topics

Standard I/O

Header Files

typedef, enum, union

Code Stages

Command Line Arguments

Arrays

Multidimensional Arrays

File Access (Read, Write, Append)

Typecasting

Recursion

Repetition/Iteration Structures

Structures

DATA Topics

Doubly Linked Lists

Linked Lists

Graphs

Memory Allocation

Memory De-Allocation

Void Pointers

Pointers (arrays)

Pointers to Pointers

NULL Pointers

Pointers (Address of)

Structures

Structure Pointer

SYSPROG Topics

Zombies

Threads

Multi-threading

Server Sockets

Client Sockets

Client/Server Model

System Calls

Connections and Protocols

TCP vs. UDP

Creating/Destroying Threads

Sharing Data between threads

CPROG Objectives

Objective 1

Method

Measurement

Analysis

DATA Objectives

Objective 1

Method

Measurement

Analysis

SYSPROG Objectives

Objective 1

Method

Measurement

Analysis

Experiments

Unsigned Double?

Question

Resources

Hypothesis

Experiment & Source code

Data

Analysis

Conclusions

Union as a limiter?

Question

Hypothesis

Experiment

Data

Analysis

Conclusions

Experiment 3

Question

Resources

Hypothesis

Experiment

Data

Analysis