=====JOYSTICK=====
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qjP3HpbPJTM&list=PLOkhax8xuWu0Yj-jJAzSNiDJfHfXVaY9_&index=14 

A Joystick is a kind of input sensor used with your fingers. 
It can receive input on two axes (Y and or X) at the same time (usually used to control direction on a two dimensional plane). And it also has a third direction capability by pressing down (Z axis/direction).


Hard Wiring 

Parts Needed: Raspberry Pi, Ribbon cable, Breadboard, Joysick, 10k Resistor, ADC module, Wires 
{{ :notes:c4eng:fall2022:projects:botton_hardwire.png?400 |}}

Enable I2C

The I2C interface in Raspberry Pi is disabled by default. You will need to open it manually and enable the I2C interface as follows:
Type command in the Terminal:
//sudo raspi-config//
Then open the following dialog box:
{{ :notes:c4eng:fall2022:projects:config_tool.png?400 |}}
Choose “5 Interfacing Options” then “P5 I2C” then “Yes” and then “Finish” in this order and restart your RaspberryPi.The I2C module will then be started.
Type a command to check whether the I2C module is started:
//lsmod | grep i2c//
If the I2C module has been started, the following content will be shown.
{{ :notes:c4eng:fall2022:projects:lsmod.png?400 |}}
Install I2C-Tools
Next, type the command to install I2C-Tools. It is available with the Raspberry Pi OS by default.
//sudo apt-get install i2c-tools//
I2C device address detection:
//i2cdetect -y 1//
When you are using the PCF8591 Module, the result should look like this:
{{ :notes:c4eng:fall2022:projects:i2cdetect.png?400 |}}
Install Smbus Module
sudo apt-get install python-smbus
sudo apt-get install python3-smbus

C Code 7.1.1 ADC

For C code for the ADC Device, a custom library needs to be installed.

1. Use cd command to enter folder of the ADC Device library.
//cd ~/Freenove_Kit/Libs/C-Libs/ADCDevice//

2. Execute command below to install the library.
//sh ./build.sh//
A successful installation, without error prompts, is shown below:
{{ :notes:c4eng:fall2022:projects:build_complete.png?400 |}}

Joystick code

1. Use cd command to enter 12.1.1_Joystick directory of C code.
// cd ~/Freenove_Ultimate_Starter_Kit_for_Raspberry_Pi/Code/C_Code/12.1.1_Joystick///

2. Use following command to compile "Joystick.cpp" and generate executable file "Joystick".
//g++ Joystick.cpp -o Joystick -lwiringPi -lADCDevice//

3. Then run the generated file "Joystick".
//sudo ./Joystick//
{{ :notes:c4eng:fall2022:projects:working.png?400 |}}
=====Keypad Matrix=====

====DESCRIPTION====

A Keypad Matrix is a device that integrates a number of keys in one package. As is shown below, a 4x4 Keypad Matrix integrates 16 keys (think of this as 16 Push Button Switches in one module). The 4x4 Keypad Matrix has each row of keys connected with one pin and this is the same for the columns. Such efficient connections reduce the number of processor ports required.

The method of usage is by using a row or column scanning method to detect the state of each key’s position by column and row. Take column scanning method as an example, send low level to the first 1 column (Pin 1), detect level state of row 5, 6, 7, 8 to judge whether the key A, B, C, D are pressed. Then send low level to column 2, 3, 4 in turn to detect whether other keys are pressed. Therefore, you can get the state of all of the keys.

{{ :notes:c4eng:fall2022:projects:matrix_keypad.png?400 |}}
====APPLICATION====
The Keypad Matrix is best used when there is a need for a large number of buttons. Such a component can be used for something such as a pin code, but it is basically just a grid of 16 buttons that function the same way a single button does, and a button is a component that, when pressed, sends an electrical signal to some sort of output.
====DEMONSTRATION====
A great way to demonstrate the Keypad Matrix is a program that prints a message telling the user when a button has been pushed, and which button.

The first thing that someone would need to do to do this is to go to

[[https://github.com/Freenove/Freenove_Ultimate_Starter_Kit_for_Raspberry_Pi]]

and download the files here onto their raspberry pi. Once in the command terminal for your raspberry pi, you can type a series of commands to run the sample code provided in these files.

  * Use cd command to enter 22.1.1_MatrixKeypad directory of C code.
<blockquote>cd ~/Freenove_Kit/Code/C_Code/22.1.1_MatrixKeypad</blockquote>

  * Code of this project contains a custom header file. Use the following command to compile the code MatrixKeypad.cpp, Keypad.cpp and Key.cpp generate executable file MatrixKeypad. The custom header file will be compiled at the same time.
<blockquote>g++ -o MatrixKeypad.cpp Keypad.cpp Key.cpp MatrixKeypad -lwiringPi</blockquote>

  * Run the generated file "MatrixKeypad".
<blockquote>./MatrixKeypad</blockquote>

After the program is executed, pressing any key on the Keypad Matrix, will display the corresponding key code on the Terminal:
{{ :notes:c4eng:fall2022:projects:km_demo.png?600 |}}
=====ultrasonic proximity sensor & lcd 1605 display screen=====

====DESCRIPTION====

It emits an ultrasound at 40 000 Hz which travels through the air and if there is an object or obstacle on its path It will bounce back to the module. Considering the travel time and the speed of the sound you can calculate the distance.

In order to generate the ultrasound you need to set the Trig on a High State for 10 µs. That will send out an 8 cycle sonic burst which will travel at the speed sound and it will be received in the Echo pin. The Echo pin will output the time in microseconds the sound wave traveled.

For example, if the object is 10 cm away from the sensor, and the speed of the sound is 340 m/s or 0.034 cm/µs the sound wave will need to travel about 294 u seconds. But what you will get from the Echo pin will be double that number because the sound wave needs to travel forward and bounce backward. So in order to get the distance in cm we need to multiply the received travel time value from the echo pin by 0.034 and divide it by 2.
====APPLICATION====

using the prox sensor i was able to use the data the is produces and use it to project on a lcd screen 

====DEMONSTRATION====

=====Distance Sensor=====

====DESCRIPTION====

The distance sensor basically uses echolocation to detect distances. So on wonky surfaces the distance sensor struggles. The distance sensor likes to read against flat surfaces. 
====APPLICATION====

Basically my code reads a distance inputted by the distance sensor. Then, uses fprintf to display the distance.
====DEMONSTRATION====

{{:notes:c4eng:fall2022:projects:20221108_104815.jpg?400|}}
=====LED Lights & Proximity Sensor=====
====DESCRIPTION====

An LED light is an electronic device that emits light when an electric current flows through it. So, an LED converts electrical energy into a light source. LED lights can also be used as an ON/OFF switch for a specific duration of code.


A proximity sensor is a device that can detect or sense the approach or presence of nearby objects without touching it. These sensors also convert the information that is received from the approach or presence of the objects into an electrical signal. 

Parts Needed: Arduino Uno, LED x3, Breadboard, Ultrasonic Distance Sensor - HC-SR04, Wires. 

Side Note: Even though there is a buzzer in the diagram, it was not used for the project. However, the buzzer, if wanted, is easy to add to the breadboard for the project. Just some of the code would need to be changed since there will be sound to the buzzer, showing that the buzzer is passive. 

{{:notes:c4eng:fall2022:projects:arduino2xdd_8j79rfwsvw.png.jpeg?400|}}
====APPLICATION====

The proximity sensor reads an object placed in front of it and the LED lights tell how close the object is to the proximity sensor. The red LED flashes when an object is very close to the proximity sensor. The yellow LED flashes when an object is halfway from the proximity sensor. The green LED flashes when an object is very faraway from the proximity sensor.

Another way to think about the colors connecting with the distance from the proximity sensor is through the amount of risk each color is. The green LED represents that there is little to no risk where the object is to the proximity sensor. The yellow LED represents that there is a medium amount of risk where the object is to the proximity sensor. The red LED represents that there is a large amount of risk where the object is to the proximity sensor.
====DEMONSTRATION====

{{:notes:c4eng:fall2022:projects:c4eng_fso0.jpg?400|}}


If an object is extremely close to the proximity sensor, then the distance will be between 0 and 10. If an object is somewhat close or halfway from the proximity sensor, then the distance will be between 11 and 31. If an object is very far away from the proximity sensor, then the distance will be between 32 and beyond to a never ending stopping number. 


{{:notes:c4eng:fall2022:projects:proximity_sensor_c4eng_fso0.jpg?400|}}


====DESCRIPTION====

====APPLICATION====

====DEMONSTRATION====

=====Stepper Motor=====

====DESCRIPTION====
A Stepper motor is a brushless DC motor that divides a full rotation into a series of equal steps and can be used to hold a specific position. The steps remove the need for a position sensor as the computer already knows the number of steps said motor has taken and therefore it can calculate its position. In order for a stepper motor to spin the pins must be powered ON and OFF in a specific sequence. the sequence for the stepper motor in the kit is 

SEQ# - [ [IN1],[IN2],[IN3],[IN4] ]

step 0 - [1,0,0,0]

step 1 - [1,1,0,0]

step 2 - [0,1,0,0]

step 3 - [0,1,1,0]

step 4 - [0,0,1,0]

step 5 - [0,0,1,1]

step 6 - [0,0,0,1]

step 7 - [1,0,0,1]

the following sequence will move the stepper motor 1/64 of a full rotation because the stepper motor in the kit has a 1:64 gear reduction so it will take 512 step to make a full rotation with this stepper motor or 64 sequences of the steps given above.


====APPLICATION====
Stepper motors have a wide variety of uses and are commonly used in. 

-3D printers 

-slot machines

-paper printers

-CNC machines

-camera lenses

-disc drives
====DEMONSTRATION====

{{:notes:c4eng:fall2022:projects:e7678a7d-fffe-48d4-9938-05f9147fa2cc.jpeg?400|}}
=====LED BAR GRAPH=====

====DESCRIPTION====
The LED bar graph component is comprised of 10 separate LED light circuits. Each LED require both power and ground similarly to single LED bulbs.
====APPLICATION====
The LED bar graph can be used in a multitude of different applications.

Its applications include;

-Feedback of potentiometer position  

-Motor speed feedback  

-Sound level  

-Distance from proximity sensor  
}
====DEMONSTRATION====

{{:notes:c4eng:fall2022:projects:screenshot_2022-11-09_200809.png?400|}}

{{:notes:c4eng:fall2022:projects:bargraph.jpg?400|}}

Programming a simple function of sequencing the lights down and then back up the LED Bar Graph is rather simple. If you follow the diagram depicted above, you will command the pin low to turn on the LED since we are wiring the GPIO to the cathode side of the LED.

For the code, we will use an array with our wiringPi pin assignments and ensure we set the pins as outputs. Then we will use index to cycle through the array and light our LED's in sequence

{{:notes:c4eng:fall2022:projects:bargraphcode.jpg?400|}}





=====HC-SR501 SENSOR=====

====DESCRIPTION====
The PIR sensor allows you to detect when a person or animal moves in or out of sensor range. This sensor is what you’ll find in most modern security systems, automatic light switches, garage door openers and similar applications where we want to react to motion.
====APPLICATION====
Common applications include automatic house or garden light, burglar alarms, security cameras and motion detectors, tracking animal movements.
For my project, i started with hooking up the PIR sensor just to detect motion. After that was successful, i wired an LED to the sensor. Every time there is motion being detected, the LED lights up. 
I am currently making a "smart door" that opens every time it is motion activated. This will also include a servo motor to open the door. 
====DEMONSTRATION====

=====4 Digit 7 Segment LED Display=====


====DESCRIPTION====

This device requires nothing but the display itself and 11 wires to attach the the breadboards pins. There is no ground or voltage pins require either. There are 12 pins on the display but 11 of them are used to attach to the pins of the breadboard. 7 of the pins will control the segments that light up on the display to create the number desired. The other 4 pins will control the position of the number displayed because the display is up to 4 digits. The display should be positioned in a specific direction for it to work and the pins on the wiringPi should exactly match the pins from the Arduino example.
====APPLICATION====

This device allows for 4 digit counting, similar to the LED counting we did weeks ago. This device clearly shows the numbers being displayed however and can count down or up to any number depending on the code written. 
====Wiring====

{{:notes:c4eng:fall2022:projects:4digitleddisplayconnections.jpg?400|}}

=====LCD Display====

====DESCRIPTION====
The LCD display contains 2 lines of 16 characters that can display any string of letters, number, or any ascii character. It can be used to display many data inputs such as time or temperature reading from a temperature sensor. It requires four pins: 5v in on the VCC pin, ground to the GND pin, a data connection to from an SDA pin on the pi to the SDA pin on the display, and finally a clock connection from an SCL pin on the pi to the SCL pin on the display.
====APPLICATION====
The library I used was made by the user TheRaspberryPiGuy on github and is a very useful library for running the display. However, it requires the code to be written in python, but he provides many sample programs for learning.

All of the proceeding steps should be executed on your pi, not Lab46.

1. Download the library
 
Run:
 <code>git clone https://github.com/the-raspberry-pi-guy/lcd.git</code>

2. Enter the newly created directory
 
<code>cd lcd</code>

3. Install the library
 
<code>sudo ./install.sh</code>

if you are given the error 'permission denied' run:
<code>chmod a+x setup.sh</code>
to give setup.sh permission to excecute

4. Reboot your pi

5. View or run any demos

You can view or run any of the programs labeled demo after running ls.
Programs can be excecuted by running:
<code>python FILENAME.py</code>
The code can also be viewed by using nano. 


//**Gyroscope (GY-521)**//

**Description**
The GY-521 contains both a 3-Axis Gyroscope and a 3-Axis accelerometer allowing measurements of both independently, but all based around the same axes, thus eliminating the problems of cross-axis errors when using separate devices.

**Specification**
Accelerometer ranges: ±2, ±4, ±8, ±16g
Gyroscope ranges: ± 250, 500, 1000, 2000 °/s
Voltage range: 3.3V - 5V (the module include a low drop-out voltage regulator)
This simple module contains everything required to interface to the Arduino and other controllers via I2C (use the Wire Arduino library) and give motion sensing information for 3 axes - X, Y and Z.
====APPLICATION====
The GY-521 can be used to measure the orientation of the device. It can sense motion including vertical and horizontal rotation. There are a lot of practical uses of gyroscope especially in aerospace. It can be used as a stability assistance device to make sure that a rocket, a spacecraft, or an aircraft maintains the correct orientation.
====DEMONSTRATION====

=====COMPONENT 13=====

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=====COMPONENT 15=====

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=====COMPONENT 16=====

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=====COMPONENT 17=====

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