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<WRAP><color red><fs 200%>Corning Community College</fs></color></WRAP>
<WRAP><fs 150%>CSCS1320 C/C++ Programming</fs></WRAP>
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======Project: COMPUTATION - CALCULATING N-ARY VALUES (cnv1)======

=====Objective=====
To create a program that can calculate and determine the number of factor pairs (nary value) over a given range of numbers.

=====Reading=====
In "The C Book", please read through Chapter 8.

Review needed concepts in [[https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/|this tutorial]] and also [[https://www.cprogramming.com/tutorial/c-tutorial.html?inl=hp|this one]]

=====Background=====
In mathematics, you have likely encountered the notion of "prime" numbers, those values which are divisible only by 1 and the number itself.

Expanding our view on the situation, when considering factors of a number, we have the presence of a "factor pair"; ie a pair of two values that are evenly divisible into that number.

For 17, a prime number, we have just ONE factor pair: 1 and 17:

  * 17 % 1 == 0
  * 17 % 17 == 0

All other values (2-16) when we divide them into 17 results in a non-zero value for the remainder.

In this way, prime, or primary, numbers, have exactly ONE factor pair. To further simplify matters, we can call it an N-ary(1) or nary(1) value. Where the number indicates the number of factor pairs.

A secondary, or nary(2) number, on the other hand, has exactly TWO sets of factor pairs.

Take the number 6, for instance:

  * factor pair of 1 and 6
  * factor pair of 2 and 3

Where 17 was a primary number, 6 is a secondary number.

====Determining factor pairs====
We are going to be exploring a basic, brute force, method of determining factors for a number, and that is the "trial by division" method.

Here, we successively divide a number by potential factors, to see if the factor evenly divides into the number. For convenience, we will assume the 1 and number factor pair, because EVERY number is evenly divisible by 1 and itself.

So, the number 5:

  * 5 % 2 == 1
  * 5 % 3 == 2
  * 5 % 4 == 1

No other evenly divisible factors were found in the range 2-(N-1), therefore we are only left with the factor pair of 1 and N, making 5 an nary(1) value.

The number 14:

  * 14 % 2 == 0   another factor!
  * 14 % 3 == 2
  * 14 % 4 == 2
  * 14 % 5 == 4
  * 14 % 6 == 2
  * 14 % 7 == 0   another factor!
  * 14 % 8 == 6
  * 14 % 9 == 5
  * 14 % 10 == 4
  * 14 % 11 == 3
  * 14 % 12 == 2
  * 14 % 13 == 1

Because factor pairs ALWAYS come in a set of 2, we have the factor pairs of 1 and 14, along with 2 and 7.

How about 12:

  * 12 % 2 == 0
  * 12 % 3 == 0
  * 12 % 4 == 0
  * 12 % 5 == 2
  * 12 % 6 == 0
  * 12 % 7 == 5
  * 12 % 8 == 4
  * 12 % 9 == 3
  * 12 % 10 == 2
  * 12 % 11 == 1

There are 4 additional factors discovered here, giving us a total of 6 factors, or three factor pairs:

  * 1, 12
  * 2, 6
  * 3, 4

Notice also how the factors are nested: 1 and 12 are the outermost, 2 and 6 are encapsulated within that, and inside there, 3 and 4.

Because there are 3 factor pairs, 12 would be considered an nary(3) value (or a tertiary number).

====Command-line arguments====
{{page>haas:fall2020:common:projects:commandlineargs&noheader}}

=====grabit=====
There is a grabit for this project, which will provide you with some files pertinent for performing this project.

Run '**grabit**' on lab46 in the appropriate manner to obtain the files, then move them to your development system used in this class.

=====Compiling=====
Since there is a provided Makefile in the project grabit, we can use that to compile, either regularly:

<cli>
yourpi:~/src/SEMESTER/DESIG/cnv1$ make
</cli>

Or, with debugging support:

<cli>
yourpi:~/src/SEMESTER/DESIG/cnv1$ make debug
</cli>

=====Program=====
It is your task to write a program that, upon accepting various pieces of input from the user, computes the number of factor pairs of a given number or range of numbers, displaying to STDOUT all the numbers in that range that qualify as that N-ary value.

=====Specifications=====
Your program should:

  * have valid, descriptive variable names of length //no shorter than// 4 symbols
  * have consistent, well-defined indentation (no less than 4 spaces per level of indentation)
    * all code within the same scope aligned to its indentation level
  * have proximal comments explaining your rationale and what is going on, throughout your code
  * from the command-line, obtain the needed parameters for your program (require these arguments to be present, displaying errors to STDERR and exiting if they are not present):
    * argv[1]: N-ary value (how many factor pairs are we requiring; 1 for prime, 2 for secondary, 3 for tertiary, etc.); this should be stored and managed as an **unsigned char**.
    * argv[2]: lower-bound (where to start processing, inclusive of the lower bound value); this should be stored in an **unsigned short int**
    * argv[3]: upper-bound (where to stop processing, inclusive of the upper bound value); this should be shored in an **unsigned short int**
  * immediately after parameter processing, check to make sure the specified parameters are positive numbers. Any deviations should be displayed as error messages to STDERR:
    * N-ary value must be between 1 and 16 (inclusive of 1 and 16)
      * on error display "ERROR: invalid nary value (#)!" and terminate execution sending back a 1 (the # should be the actual number in deviation)
    * lower bound must be between 2 and 40000 (inclusive of 2 and 40000)
      * on error display "ERROR: invalid lower bound (#)!" and terminate execution sending back a 2 (the # should be the actual number in deviation)
    * upper bound must be between 2 and 65000 (inclusive of 2 and 65000)
      * on error display "ERROR: invalid upper bound (#)!" and terminate execution sending back a 3 (the # should be the actual number in deviation)
      * on situation of lower bound being greater than upper bound, display "ERROR: lower bound (#) is larger than upper bound (#)!", terminating execution and sending back a 4 (the # should be the actual number in deviation)
  * proceed to evaluate the appropriate number range, determining whether or not it is an N-ary number of runtime specification
    * if it is, display the value to STDOUT in space-separated form (see execution section below for format)
    * if it is not, do not display anything related to that value (again, see execution section below)
  * using a single return statement at the conclusion of the code, return a 0 indicating successful operation
    * for all error results, use **exit()** instead; there should only be exactly ONE **return()** statement per function

Some additional points of consideration:
  * Note that the driving variables in your loops need to be at least of type **short int**, otherwise you may get a warning when you compile it.

=====Execution=====

====Primary number (nary(1)) output====
<cli>
yourpi:~/src/SEMESTER/DESIG/cnv1$ ./cnv1 1 8 24
11 13 17 19 23 
yourpi:~/src/SEMESTER/DESIG/cnv1$ 
</cli>

====Secondary number (nary(2)) output====
<cli>
yourpi:~/src/SEMESTER/DESIG/cnv1$ ./cnv1 2 3 12
4 6 8 9 10 
yourpi:~/src/SEMESTER/DESIG/cnv1$ 
</cli>

====Tertiary number (nary(3)) output====
<cli>
yourpi:~/src/SEMESTER/DESIG/cnv1$ ./cnv1 3 11 37
12 16 18 20 28 32 
yourpi:~/src/SEMESTER/DESIG/cnv1$ 
</cli>

The execution of the program is short and simple- obtain the input, do the processing, produce the output, and then terminate.

=====Reference=====
In the CPROG public directory, inside the **cnv1/** subdirectory, will be a copy of my implementation (in executable form, by the name **ref_cnv1**), which abides by the project specifications. Please compare its output against that of your implementation. You can run "make check" to have it run your program through a few variations:

<cli>
yourpi:~/src/SEMESTER/DESIG/cnv1$ make check
n-ary(1) from 2 to 50: 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47
n-ary(2) from 2 to 50: 4 6 8 9 10 14 15 21 22 25 26 27 33 34 35 38 39 46 49
n-ary(3) from 2 to 50: 12 16 18 20 28 32 44 45 50
n-ary(4) from 2 to 50: 24 30 40 42
n-ary(5) from 2 to 50: 36 48
</cli>
=====Verification=====
In addition, I have also placed a **cnv1verify** script in that same subdirectory, which will test your program against a range of values, to determine overall correctness. You can run it by doing a "make verify":

<cli>
yourpi:~/src/SEMESTER/DESIG/cnv1$ make verify
ERROR CHECK
=================
invalid nary (0): ERROR: invalid nary value (0)!
     exit status: 1, should be: 1
- - - - - - -
invalid nary (17): ERROR: invalid nary value (17)!
     exit status: 1, should be: 1
- - - - - - -
invalid lower (1): ERROR: invalid lower bound (1)!
     exit status: 2, should be: 2
- - - - - - -
invalid lower (43100): ERROR: invalid lower bound (43100)!
     exit status: 2, should be: 2
- - - - - - -
invalid upper (0): ERROR: invalid upper bound (0)!
     exit status: 3, should be: 3
- - - - - - -
invalid upper (65501): ERROR: invalid upper bound (65501)!
     exit status: 3, should be: 3
- - - - - - -
lower (300) bigger than upper (65): ERROR: lower bound (300) is larger than upper bound (65)!
     exit status: 4, should be: 4
- - - - - - -
Press ENTER to continue verification tests
nary( 1)
========
   have: >23 29 31 <
   need: >23 29 31 <

nary( 2)
========
   have: >21 22 25 26 27 33 34 35 <
   need: >21 22 25 26 27 33 34 35 <

nary( 3)
========
   have: >20 28 32 <
   need: >20 28 32 <

nary( 4)
========
   have: >24 30 <
   need: >24 30 <

nary( 5)
========
   have: >36 <
   need: >36 <

yourpi:~/src/SEMESTER/DESIG/cnv1$ 
</cli>

=====Submission=====
To successfully complete this project, the following criteria must be met:

  * Code must compile cleanly (no notes, warnings, nor errors)
  * Output must be correct, and match the form given in the sample output above.
  * Code must be nicely and consistently indented, to show scope and maximize readability
  * Code must be well commented (why and how comments)
  * Do NOT double space your code. Group like statements together.
  * Output Formatting (including spacing) of program must conform to the provided output (see above).
  * Track/version the source code in your lab46 repository
  * Submit a copy of your source code to me using the **submit** tool.

To submit this program to me using the **submit** tool, run the following command at your lab46 prompt:

<cli>
lab46:~/src/SEMESTER/DESIG/cnv1$ make submit
</cli>

And make sure you get no error messages.

You should get some sort of confirmation indicating successful submission if all went according to plan. If not, check for typos and or locational mismatches.

What I'll be looking for:

<code>
91:cnv1:final tally of results (91/91)
*:cnv1:resources obtained via grabit by Sunday before deadline [13/13]
*:cnv1:proper error checking and status reporting performed [13/13]
*:cnv1:correct variable types and name lengths used [13/13]
*:cnv1:proper output formatting per specifications [13/13]
*:cnv1:runtime tests of submitted program succeed [13/13]
*:cnv1:no negative compiler messages for program [13/13]
*:cnv1:code is pushed to lab46 repository [13/13]
</code>

Additionally:
  * Solutions not abiding by spirit of project will be subject to a 25% overall deduction
  * Solutions not utilizing descriptive why and how comments will be subject to a 25% overall deduction
  * Solutions not utilizing consistent, sensible indentation to promote scope and clarity will be subject to a 25% overall deduction
  * Solutions not organized and easy to read are subject to a 25% overall deduction